Elizabeth Loftus

Elizabeth F. Loftus (born 1944) is an American psychologist and expert on human memory. She has conducted extensive research on the misinformation effect and the nature of false memories.

Education

Loftus received her bachelor's degree in mathematics and psychology from University of California, Los Angeles in 1966. She went on to receive her MA (1967) and Ph.D (1970) in psychology from Stanford University.

Career

Loftus is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, the Department of Criminology, Law, and Society, and the Department of Cognitive Sciences, and a Fellow of The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory at the University of California, Irvine. She is also Professor of Law. [cite web |url=http://www.seweb.uci.edu/faculty/loftus/ |title=Elizabeth Loftus |accessdate=2007-09-25 |publisher=University of California, Irvine ] [cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/eloftus/ |title=Elizabeth Loftus |accessdate=2007-09-25 |publisher=University of Washington ] [ [http://faculty.washington.edu/eloftus/Articles/AmerPsychAward+ArticlePDF03%20(2).pdf Award for Distinguished Scientific Psychology] November 2003]

One of her studies is the reconstruction of automobile destruction study, which is an example of the misinformation effect. She also developed the lost in the mall technique as a method of testing her hypothesis that false memories can be clinically created. [ [http://williamcalvin.com/2002/OrangeCtyRegister.htm War & remembrance: Controversy is a constant for memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus, newly installed at UCI] November 3, 2002] [ [https://webfiles.uci.edu/eloftus/LoftusDavisAnnualReview06.pdf?uniq=-qcmbr3 Recovered Memories] January 16, 2006] Her pilot study of the lost in the mall technique has been criticized for the ethics used in acquiring subjectscite journal |last=Crook |first=L. |year=1999 |title=Lost in a Shopping Mall--A Breach of Professional Ethics |journal=Ethics & Behavior. |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95748793 |accessdate= 2008-01-18 |doi=10.1207/s15327019eb0901_3 [http://users.owt.com/crook/memory/ full text] ] and for being used to draw inappropriate conclusions about false memories and therapeutic techniques. [cite journal |last=Pope |first=K. |year=1996 |title=Memory, Abuse, and Science: Questioning Claims About the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic |journal=American Psychologist |volume=51 |url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HvMJ8y7hTLwzJKhQcXtBzn5T7hD51pStTy7SkQkzTNz51hB3Shgg!1063769811?docId=96531378 |accessdate= 2008-01-31 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.51.9.957 |pages=957] ] cite journal |url=http://kspope.com/memory/memory.php|title=Memory, Abuse, & Science: Questioning Claims about the False Memory Syndrome Epidemic |journal=American Psychologist |volume=vol. 51, no. 9 |year=1996|pages=pp957–974.] cite journal |last=Pezdek |first=K |coauthors=Hodge, D. |year=1999 |month=July-August |title= Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility |journal= Child Development |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=887–895 |url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-3920%28199907%2F08%2970%3A4%3C887%3APFCMIC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage |accessdate= 2008-01-30 |doi= 10.1111/1467-8624.00064]

Loftus has been involved in the trials of Ted Bundy, O. J. Simpson, the Hillside Stranglers, and the McMartin preschool trial workers. [cite news |url=http://williamcalvin.com/2002/OrangeCtyRegister.htm | format = unverified reprint |title=War & remembrance |date=2002-10-03 |accessdate =2008-05-07 |author=Wilson, A |publisher=The Orange County Register] Loftus is a member of the Scientific and Professional Advisory Board of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation. [ [http://www.fmsfonline.org/advboard.html The FMSF Scientific and Professional Advisory Board - Profiles] - accessed January 15, 2008]

Honors

In 2004 Loftus was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 2005, she won the Grawemeyer Award in Psychology (to honor ideas of “great significance and impact”). Also in 2005 she was elected to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 2006, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Loftus has also received five honorary doctorates for her research, the first in 1982 from Miami University (Ohio), the second in 1990 from Leiden University in the Netherlands, and the third in 1994 from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York - an honorary doctorate of laws. Her 4th honorary doctorate, from the University of Portsmouth in England, was awarded in 1998; the 5th, from the University of Haifa in Israel, was awarded in 2005. Her 6th, from the University of Oslo, will be awarded in 2008.

She is past president of the Association for Psychological Science, the Western Psychological Association, and the American Psychology-Law Society.

Perhaps one of the most unusual signs of recognition of the impact of Loftus’s research came in a study published by the Review of General Psychology. The study identified the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century, and not surprisingly Freud, Skinner, and Piaget are at the top of that list. Loftus was #58, and the top ranked woman on the list.

Jane Doe case

"Jane Doe" was the subject of a case study published in 1997 by Dr. David Corwin on issues of repressed and recovered memory. [cite journal |last=Corwin |first=D. |coauthors=Olafson E. |year=1997 |month= |title=Videotaped Discovery of a Reportedly Unrecallable Memory of Child Sexual Abuse: Comparison with a Childhood Interview Videotaped 11 Years Before |journal=Child Maltreatment |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=91–112 |url=http://cmx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/2/91 |accessdate= 2008-01-09 | doi= 10.1177/1077559597002002001 ] Neither the study nor later follow-up studies and articles referred to her by her real name. As a psychiatrist retained in a divorce case, Corwin had videotaped an interview with Jane Doe - then six years old - in which she claimed to have suffered physical and sexual abuse at the hands of her biological mother. Eleven years later, Corwin showed Jane Doe the original tape after obtaining approval from her and her guardian. Corwin then videotaped a follow-up interview in which Jane Doe appeared to spontaneously recall another abusive event she had suffered despite having had no conscious memory of abuse in the years since the initial interview. Corwin published a transcript of the tape and an explanatory article. With Doe's permission, Corwin also played portions of both videotapes to numerous professional audiences.

Loftus hired a private investigator in California and together with co-researcher Melvin Guyer undertook a subsequent investigation into the case, reviewed extensive court records and interviewed Jane's mother and foster mother. In 2002, based on the information obtained, Loftus and Guyer published an article entitled "Who Abused Jane Doe? The Hazards of the Single Case History" in the "Skeptical Inquirer". The article was highly critical of the scientific validity of Corwin's 1997 article, and questioned the factual accuracy of his account.

On February 23, 2003, "Jane Doe", using her real name of Nicole Taus, sued Loftus, the University of Washington and others alleging invasion of privacy and other torts. Twenty of the twenty-one counts against Loftus were dismissed by the trial court or reviewing courts as a "strategic lawsuit against public participation", intended to punish the defendants for academic activity protected by the Free Speech clause of the First Amendment. In February, 2007, the California Supreme Court ordered dismissal of all but one count, allowing Taus to proceed on her claim that Loftus misrepresented herself as Corwin's supervisor in interviewing Taus's foster mother. [ [http://www.casp.net/Taus%20v%20Loftus.html "Taus v. Loftus"] (2007) 40 Cal.4th 683, 54 Cal.Rptr.3d 775.] [ [http://www.metnews.com/articles/2005/taus062305.htm S.C. to Decide Whether Abuse-Study Subject May Sue Professor] Re: Nicole Taus, David Corwin, 2005] [ [http://www.religioustolerance.org/rmtmcnally.htm Taus: Amicus Curia by Richard McNally] 2005] [ [http://www.ncrj.org/Taus.html Taus: Amicus Curia by Michael J. Snedeker] May 26, 2005]

The case was settled on August 28, 2007, when Loftus's acceptance of Taus's offer was filed. Loftus agreed to pay $7,500, instead of the amount of over $1,000,000 that was requested by Taus and both were responsible for their own legal costs. In November 2007, Taus was ordered to pay the other people she sued over $246,000. [cite journal | last = Loftus | first = Elizabeth | year = 2008 | month = May | title = Perils of Provocative Scholarship | journal = Observer | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = pp. 13–15 | publisher = Association for Psychological Science | location = Washington, DC | issn = 1050-4672 | url = http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=2339 ] [ [http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/docs/LOFTUS%20JUDGMENT%202007.PDF Settlement reached in Taus's lawsuit] ] [cite journal | last = Tavris | first = Carol | authorlink = Carol Tavris | year = 2008 | month = January/February | title = Whatever Happened to 'Jane Doe'? | journal = Skeptical Inquirer | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = pp. 28–30 | publisher = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | location = Amherst, New York | issn = 0194-6730 | url = http://csicop.org/si/2008-01/tarvis.html ]

Testimony in Scooter Libby trial

On October 26, 2006, Dr. Loftus was called as the first defense witness in a pretrial hearing in the federal perjury case against Lewis Libby. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Memory Expert Pressed In C.I.A. Leak Case. |url= |publisher=New York Times |date=October 27, 2006 |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/27/washington/27brfs-006.html |accessdate=2008-06-06] Under cross-examination Loftus struggled to explain her research and apparent contradictions between her testimony and her work, also admitting that based on comments by her peers and even her own work that there were limitations in her methods and conclusions.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=In the Libby Case, A Grilling to Remember. |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/26/AR2006102601612.html |publisher=Washington Post |date=October 27, 2006 |accessdate=2007-09-25 ]

Other appearances

Loftus attended and was a speaker at the symposium on November 2006.

Bibliography

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References

External links

*worldcat id|lccn-n79-59903