Imperial Natural History Museum

The Imperial Natural History Museum or Imperial Royal Natural History Court Museum of Austria-Hungary was created by (Kaiser) Emperor Franz Joseph I during an extensive reorganization of the museum collections, from 1851-1876, and opened to the public on August 10, 1889. "The Beginning" (history with founding of the "Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum"), Natural History Museum of Vienna, January 1, 1997, [http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/NHM/Mineral/Homepage_MA_E.htm#BM6 NHM-Wien-Mineral] .] Located in Vienna, the Museum was named in Germanas "K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum" (with "Hofmuseum" translated as"Court Museum").

Later, the Museum became part of the Natural History Museum of Vienna, Austria (in German, "Naturhistorisches Museum Wien" or NHM-Wien).

When officially begun in 1876, Austrian geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829-1884) became the first superintendent "Crown Prince Rudolf (1858-1889)" (museum notes), Natural History Museum of Vienna, 2006, [http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/NHM/Mineral/Rudolfe.htm NHM-Wien-Rudolfe] .] of the Imperial Natural History Museum, after having been, from 1860, professor of mineralogy and geology at the Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute in Vienna.In 1886, Austrian geologist and paleontologist Franz Ritter von Hauer became second superintendent of the Imperial Natural History Museum (more at "History" below).

The main building for the Museum was constructed between 1871-1891.

See more about the current museum at: "Naturhistorisches Museum".

History

In the mid-1800s, there was much interest in information on the natural sciences,and the encouragement of this interest was a concern of the young sovereign, Franz Josef I:The newly built museum was inscribed: "Dem Reiche der Natur und seiner Erforschung -Kaiser FRANZ JOSEF I" ("To the realm of nature and its exploration - Emperor FRANZ JOSEPH I").The new "Imperial Royal Natural History Court Museum" thus documented the benevolentsentiment of the Imperial Household. Excavations for the construction of the new Museumof Nature started in the fall of 1871, and construction was completed more than ten years later.

On April 29, 1876, Emperor Franz Joseph I signed the document certifying the NaturalHistory Court Museum, and Ferdinand von Hochstetter was appointed as the managingdirector of the museum. Hochstetter proposed a new organization for the museum and its collections.Four departments having far-reaching autonomies were created as successors to the older Cabinets;the Imperial Royal Mineralogical Court Cabinet was divided in an Imperial RoyalMineralogical-Petrographical Department and an Imperial Royal Geologic-Paleontologic Department.The petrologist and meteorite specialist Aristides Brezina became director of the formerand was supported by scientific colleagues: Friedrich Berwerth, with Felix Karrerand Rudolf Koechlin providing voluntary unpaid services. Felix Karrer became Secretaryof the Wissenschaftlicher Club (Science Club) and founder of the Mineralogy collection of the department.By 1886, Rudolf Köchlin became scientific assistant and, later, maintained an inventory of the collection and even kept a diary.

Hochstetter died on July 18, 1884 and did not live to see the completion ofthe building for whose founding he had been so actively engaged. His successor as superintendent was Franz Ritter von Hauer, a geologist and paleontologist.

In the presence of the Emperor, the new "K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum" (Imperial Royal Natural History Court Museum) was inaugurated on August 10, 1889. Initially, it was open to visitors four days per week—free on Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays, on Tuesdaysfor an admission price of one guilder in Austrian currency. The museum building and thecollection it contained were highly popular: from August 13, 1889 to the end ofDecember 1889 the museum counted 175,000 visitors, of which most (134,000) visited themuseum during the 19 Sundays over this time span alone.

During 1889, the "Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung" (Department ofMineralogy-Petrography) was under the directorship of Aristides Brezina.

In 1889, the renowned collection of William Earl Hidden from Newark (USA) waspurchased for a sum of 15,000 fl. with the aid of an advance from the"All highest Family Fund" of the Imperial Household. The repayment of this loan had to be repaid in a series of complicated transactions, effected within a time-frame of ten years (i.e. through the sale of mineral doublets, meteorite sections, andprecious-metal redemptions). Unfortunately these redemptions included also samplesof silver and gold from the former "Ambrasian Collection" of Archduke Ferdinand II,an irreplaceable loss and impairment to the collection. Despite this, the acquisitionof the "Hidden Collection" is of special significance for the Viennese museum.After all, the collection had been considered at that time as the second best privatemineral collection in the United States, outranked only by the famous
Clarence S. Bement Collection, which was later to be acquired by the
American Museum of Natural History in New York.

In the same year of 1889, several items from the former private collection of
Crown-Prince Rudolf, whose death was reported as suicide,were passed on to the department, although apparently this had been against his will:the Crown-Prince had left his natural history collection to Viennese teachinginstitutions. In accordance with these terms, the geologic and paleontologicalcollection and his mineral collection were to be passed to the"K.k. Hochschule für Bodenkultur" (Imperial Royal University for Agriculture).Instead, the glass imitations of precious stones and some other mineralogicalitems were entrusted to the Imperial Natural History Court Museum.

Koechlin became an assistant in 1892 and was promoted to assistant custodianin 1896. In the same year, Friedrich Berwerth was put in charge of the department, taking over from Aristides Brezina, who retired on August 30.Voluntary, unpaid assistance, from 1896 to the end of the Monarchy wasprovided by Felix Karrer, alternately by Anton Pelinka, Hermann Graber,
Friedrich Wachter and Karl Hlawatsch. In one last transaction before thecollapse of the Monarchy, the museum managed to purchase, during the years 1906-1907,the magnificent collection of Staatsrath Freiherr von Braun (totalling morethan 2,500 items, doublets not included). There followed the far less important collections of August von Loehr and Rudolf von Görgey,although those were not entirely taken into inventory until after the Second World War,the delay being due to war and subsequent poor economic conditions (the same hadhappened to the collection of Friedrich Freiherr von Distler,acquired in 1932).

A patron of note at the start of the 20th century was Kommerzialrat
Isidor Weinberger. He was one of the great sponsorsof mineralogy, and the collection of the Natural History Court Museum is indebted tohim for many beautiful specimens. Thus, the large specimen of amethyst sample from
Serra do Mar in Brazil,weighing about 450 kg (1000 lb), donated by Weinberger, is today a particularlyprominent component and can be admired in the Hall of Precious Stones of the museum.Particularly valuable are the more than 500 meteorite thin sections, formerlyowned by Aristides Brezina, custodian and former director, whichWeinberger had purchased and later presented to the Museum.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at Website for "Naturhistorisches Museum"] : at www.nhm-wien.ac.at.