Pirin

The Pirin Mountains ( _bg. Пирин) are a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria, with Vihren (2,914 m high) the highest peak, situated at coord|41|45|50|N|23|25|30|E|. The range extends about 40 km northwest-southeast, and about 25 km wide. Most of the range is protected in a national park, the Pirin National Park. Some scholars hold that the montain is named after Perun (Cyrillic: Перун), the highest god of the Slavic pantheon and the god of thunder and lightning.Fact|date=October 2008

Pirin is noted for its rich flora and fauna. Much of the area is forested, with the best conifer woods in Bulgaria, holding important populations of the Balkan endemic species Macedonian Pine, Bosnian Pine and Bulgarian Fir. Animals include the Wolf and the Brown Bear.

The town of Bansko, an important tourism and winter sports centre, is situated on the northeast slopes of the Pirin Mountains. The town of Razlog lies in a valley between Pirin to the south and the Rila Mountains to the north.

Geography

Pirin is the second highest mountain range in Pirinska Makedonija after Rila (2,925 m) and the seventh highest in Europe after the Caucasus, the Alps, Sierra Nevada, the Pyrenees, Mount Etna and the aforementioned Rila when each is represented by its highest peak only. It has an area of 2,585 km² and an average height of 1,033 m. Pirin is set in the southwest of the country between the Struma and Mesta Rivers, bordering Rila to the north at the Predel Saddle (1,142 m) and Slavyanka to the south at the Parilska Saddle (1,170 m). The distance between these two points is 60 km from the northwest to the southeast and the maximum width of Pirin is 40 km from the town of Sandanski to the village of Obidim. Other neighbouring mountains include Vlahina, Maleshevo, Osogovo and Ograzhden to the west, as well as the Rhodopes to the east.

Geologically and geographically Pirin is divided into three parts: a north, central and south one, which are however not equal in size and tourist attractivity.
* North Pirin is the largest of the subdivisions and the mountain's downright part. It takes up 74% of the whole range's territory, being about 42 km long and ranging from Predel to the north to the Todorova Polyana Saddle (1,883 m) to the south. North Pirin is the most often visited part of the mountain, the only one to have an Alpine appearance, featuring many lakes, resthouses and shelters, and also the one where the highest peak, Vihren, is located. It is further subdivided into several parts due to its size: Mramor Part, North Central Part, South Central Part, Polezhan Part, Kamenitsa Part, Sinanitsa Part and Debeli Rid Part.
* Central Pirin extends between the Todorova Polyana Saddle and the Popovi Livadi Saddle. It constitutes the smallest (7%) and shortest part, being only 7 km long. The highest peak is Orelyak (2,099 m), while the other peaks are under 2,000 m and heavily forested, usually deciduous. There are only two resthouses, Popovi Livadi and Malina.
* South Pirin is the lowest and most round part, the highest peak being Svesthnik at 1,975 m. It occupies 17% of Pirin and is about 11 km long and wide. Well forested with coniferous and deciduous trees, it is the most rarely visited part of the mountains and thus lacks any resthouses.

Geology, relief and peaks in Pirin

By its geological structure Pirin is a massive elevation with granite nucleus (the granite surface is 62%) covered mainly with ancient metamorphous rocks. It forms as a mountain during the Tertiary. Its hoisting alternated with long tranquil periods. Glaciation occurred in the beginning of the Quaternary. According to some scientists there were even two glaciations, during which the lower line of the ice was at 2,200-2,300 metres. These glaciations lead to partial crushings in the granite peaks and gradually formed beautiful alpine edges, moraine fields and vertical cliffs dropping to dizzy abysses. During that very period the granite peaks lowered and the present marble peaks took a leading position in height, because of the specifities of the marble. As a result of the ice many cirques were formed most of which now contain shining glacial lakes.

The main Pirin ridge is clearly distinguished; it comes from Rila, passes through the Predel saddle and all the saddles as far as the Parilska saddle. It links the separate smaller ridges of the mountain into one system with the highest peaks situated on it. Although it curves a lot, its main direction is from the northwest to southeast and is also a watershed between the Struma and Mesta valleys. There are many spurs but four of them are so large that they create the appearance of the mountain: Sinanishko, Todorino, Polejansko and Kamenishko.There are two peaks above 2,900 m, Vihren and Kutelo; seven above 2,800 m; 17 above 2,700 m; 32 above 2,600 m and 40 above 2,500 m. The highest granite peak is the Banderishki Chukar (2,732 m). The 20 highest peaks are:
# Vihren – 2914 m
# Kutelo – 2908 m
# Banski Suhodol – 2884 m
# (Golyam) Polezhan – 2851 m
# Kamenitsa – 2822 m
# Malak Polezhan – 2822 m
# Bayuvi Dupki – 2820 m
# Yalovarnika – 2763 m
# Kaymakchal – 2763 m
# Gazey – 2761 m
# (Golyama) Todorka – 2746 m
# Banderishki Chukar – 2732 m
# Dzhengal – 2730 m
# Momin Dvor – 2723 m
# Bashliyski Chukar – 2720 m
# Bezimenen Vrah – 2712 m
# Malka Todorka – 2712 m
# Chengelchal – 2709 m
# Disilitsa – 2700 m
# Kamenishka Kukla – 2690 m

Waters and lakes

Pirin is known with its abundance of water. Many rivers take their sourses from the mountains; they belong to the Struma and Mesta catchment areas. The rivers are short, turbulent and with high waters, with high inclination which forms many leaps and rapids. There is only one distinctive waterfall, the Popinolashki waterfall, which is 12 m high. The main ridge is the watershed between the two catchment areas.

Noticeable rivers which flow into the Mesta are:
*Iztok (East) which runs through the Razlog Valley and have numerous smaller tributaries.
*Pleshka river, which passes through the village of Dobrinishte.
*Bezbozhka river.
*Retije river which pours out from the Popovo Lake.
*The rivers Kamenitsa, Breznitsa, Korpitsa.

Noticeable rivers which flow into the Struma are:
*Vlachina river which pour out from the lakes of the same name.
*Sandanska Bistritsa, which forms a large valley, takes many tributaries and runs through Sandanski.
*Melnishka river.
*Pirinska Bistritsa, which serves for a border between Bulgaria and Greece to the south.

One of the most picturesque parts of Pirin's landscape are 176 crystal-clear mountain lakes which are called the eyes of the mountain in the Bulgarian folklore. All of them have glacial origin and are usually situated at the bottom of spectacular cirques surrounded by rugged marble slopes and snow-capped peaks. The largest lake is the Popovo Lake, which is also the deepest one in Pirin. Other beautiful lakes include Banderishki Lakes, Valyavishki Lakes, Vasilashki Lakes, Vlahini Lakes, Kremenski Lakes, Samodivski Lakes, Sinanishko Lake. The lakes are extremely popular among the tourists. The largest lake in Pirin by surface area is forth in Bulgaria, the deepest lake is second in the country, which the highest lake is also the highest not only in Bulgaria but also in the Balkans.

The largest and most important lake groups are:
*Popovo Lakes-11
*Kremenski Lakes-5
*Banderishki Lakes-16
*Vasilashki Lakes-12
*Valyavishki Lakes-10
*Chairski Lakes-10
*Vlahini Lakes-5
*Malokamenishki Lakes-20
*Prevalski Lakes-4
*Bashliiski Lakes-4
*Tipitski Lakes-2

There are also many lakes which are not part of groups: Sinanishko, Bezbozhko, Dautovo and others.

There are also tiny glaciers (ice which does not melt throughout the year) in the Golemiya Kazan (The Big Cauldron) under Vihren (90x40 m) and Kamenitsa.

Nature

Pirin has rich and varied flora and fauna. More than 1,300 plant species have been found up to this moment, which is roughly 1/3 all plant species to be found in the country; 320 lichen species; several hundred algae species. There are 18 endemic plant species which include Pirin Poppy, Pirin Meadowsweet, Pirin Thyme, David Mullein and other. Many plants are extremely rare and under protection such as the beautiful Edelweiss. The vegetation is vertically zoned into three elevation lines: tree, subalpine and alpine. The tree line is covered predominantly with coniferous species such as European Black Pine, Scots Pine, Macedonian Pine, Bosnian Pine, Spruce, Bulgarian Fir and reaches approximately altitude of 2,000 m. Up to 2,500 m is the subalpine line, dominated by Mountain Pine and Juniper whose size decrease as the altitude rises. The alpine line is situated above 2,500 m, covered with grass, moss, lichen and abundant in Bilberry. The vegetation around the streams and the lakes is more specific with Pinworm being common. The most famous tree in Pirin is the Baikushev's Pine, names after the forest-guard who found it. This tree is more than 1,300 years old which makes it almost as ancient as Bulgaria.There are more than 2,000 invertebrates (spiders, centipedes, insects, snails) and 250 vertebrate species. The latter include 177 bird, 45 mammal and only 6 fish species. Many of these are endangered and need special protection: Imperial Eagle, Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker. The most common animals include: Chamois, Brown Bear, Wolf, Roe Deer, Fox, Eagles and Falcons, Capercaillie.

In order to protect the rich wildlife in the mountain the "Vihren National Park" was created in 1962, which was renamed Pirin National Park in 1975. It has an area of 403,32 km². The park protects the largest forests of Macedonian and Bosnian Pine in the country as well as many rare and endemic species. There are several nature reserves which account for 15% of the total area. The National Park was designed a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

External links

* [http://www.bansko24.com Information portal of Pirin and Bansko - hotels, news, forum, ski conditions]
* [http://www.pirin-np.com Pirin National Park]
* [http://www.blackseaestates.net/myfolder/images/Mountains/pirin/pirin%20mountain%20bulgaria.htm Pictures from Pirin]
* [http://oreliak.e-psylon.net/index.php?item=article&category_id=104 Useful site (in Bulgarian only)]
* [http://dichev.com/panorama/bulgaria/bansko/todorka/ Todorka peak and Bansko - interactive panorama shot from the ski-track (QTVR)]