SIEPAC

SIEPAC (Sistema de Interconexion Electrica para America Central or "Central American Electrical Interconnection System") is a planned inter-connection of the power grids of six Central American nations. Central America, where few electrical interconnections currently exist, and those that do are often old and unreliable, has been discussing plans to link the region's electricity grids since 1987. The proposed project entails the construction of transmission lines connecting 37 million consumers in Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala. It is not clear if Belize, which buys much of its power from Mexico, will also be included. SIEPAC would cost about US$320 million without the interconnections with Mexico (US$ 40m), Belize (US$ 30m) and Panama (US$ 200m). [ [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/tbl5b2.html US DOE] ] and, back in 2003, was scheduled for completion in 2006 [ [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/guatemal.html US DOE] ] . More recently, it has been estimated it would be completed in 2009. [ [http://www.eprsiepac.com/cronograma_siepac_transmision_costa_rica.htm EPR Costa Rica SIEPAC] , accessed on September 20, 2007 ] There is controversy about the benefits and indirect environmental impacts of the project.

Expected benefits

Proponents of SIEPAC expect that interconnecting the nations' electrical transmission grids will alleviate periodic power shortages in the region, reduce operating costs, optimize shared use of hydroelectric power, create a competitive energy market in the region, and attract foreign investment in power generation and transmission systems. It has been claimed that the cost of energy for consumers could go down as much as 20% from US$0.11 per kWh to US$ 0.09 per kWh as a result of the project. A feasibility study undertaken in 1995 by Power Technologies Inc. outlined various scenarios for the expansion of power demand and supply in the region and associated investments. The median scenario foresaw that SIEPAC would induce annual investments of US$700m over a 10-year period once the regional electricity market had begun operating. [ [http://www.interaction.org/files.cgi/2735_PPP_SIEPAC_Update.pdf Interaction] , p. 1 and p. 6, accessed on September 20, 2007 ]

SIEPAC is expected to create a 1,125-mile 230 kV transmission line, with a planned capacity of 300 MW between Guatemala and Panama, as well as improvements to existing systems. SIEPAC likely will involve upgrading links and building 230 kV links between Guatemala and Honduras, and Honduras and El Salvador.

Ownership and regulation

SIEPAC would be owned by a Regional Operations Entity (Entidad Proprietaria de la Red - EPR), created in 1999 with registration in Panama, and comprising the public utilities and transmission companies of the six participating countries (75%) and private capital (25%). In some countries integrated utilities are shareholders - ENEE of Honduras, ICE and CNFL of Costa Rica - while in others shares are held by transmission companies - INDE of Guatemala, ETESA of Panama, and ENTE of Nicaragua. In the case of El Salvador the utility CEL and the transmission company ETESAL own the shares jointly. The private shareholders are Endesa of Spain and ISA from Colombia. [ [http://www.eprsiepac.com/socios_siepac_transmision_costa_rica.htm EPR] , accessed on September 20, 2007 ]

The establishment of a regional electricity regulator has been envisaged. While the IDB had suggested that electricity generating companies should not be allowed to hold shares in the transmission company, this has apparently been accepted by the governments of Central America. [ [http://www.interaction.org/files.cgi/2735_PPP_SIEPAC_Update.pdf Interaction] , p. 5 ]

The project is currently managed by a unit under the Central American Electrification Council (Consejo de Electrificación de América Central - CEAC).

Financing

The funding for the project was originally expected to come from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), having initially pledged $170 million in hard and soft loans to the six Central American countries, the Spanish government, offering $70 million and the Central American nations. The contributions of the Central American nations had been initially estimated at up to US$106 million. However, it turned out that they will rather provide around US$ 35 million in-kind contributions, such as land and existing facilities. It had also been reported that the Spain-based multinational power company Endesa would contribute 20% of the project costs through equity, an amount that was later reduced. Subsequently the IDB had to increase its exposure to US$ 240 million and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CBEI) was called in to provide additional support through three loans totalling US$ 90 million. [ [http://www.eprsiepac.com/inversiones_siepac_transmision_costa_rica.htm EPR] , accessed on September 20, 2007 ] The Colombian firm ISA also joined EPR as a shareholder.

More than 90% of the rights of way for the line had been acquired by May 2007. [ [http://www.eprsiepac.com/avance_relevantes.htm EPR] accessed on September 20, 2007 ] It is expected that the project can benefit from carbon finance under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol.

Criticism

Critics have argued that the project will not make electricity cheaper for consumers in Central America, but may actually increase tariffs. Some critics also argue that SIEPAC will facilitate electricity exports to Mexico and not contribute to expand access in Central America. It is also argued that much of the increased generation capacity facilitated by SIEPAC would be in the form of large hydropower with associated social and environmental costs. Also, there are fears that the dominance of the power sector in Central America by large foreign corporations would be increased. Finally, there are some environmental concerns related to the transmission line itself. The initial Environmental Impact Assessment financed by the IDB analyzed only the direct impacts of the transmission line and not its indirect impacts from induced power generation. [ [http://www.interaction.org/files.cgi/2735_PPP_SIEPAC_Update.pdf Interaction 2004] , accessed on September 20, 2007 ]

See also

*Electricity sector in Honduras
*Puebla-Panama Plan

References

External links

* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/guatemal.html Regional Indicators: Central America, U.S. Dept. of Energy 2002]
* [http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energytrends/existing-transmission-grids/mexico-vietnam-central-america-2000.shtml Mexico, Vietnam, and Central America — Transmission Grids, Global Network Energy Institute]
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/chapter5a.html Power in the America’s Overview, U.S. Dept. of Energy]
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/tbl5b2.html Select Transnational Electricity Projects within the Americas, DOE]