Gray Flycatcher

Taxobox
name = Gray Flycatcher
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Tyrannidae
genus = "Empidonax"
species = "E. wrightii"
binomial = "Empidonax wrightii"
binomial_authority = (S.F. Baird, 1858)The Gray Flycatcher ("Empidonax wrightii") is a small, insectivorous passerine in the tyrant flycatcher family. It is common in the arid regions of western North America, especially the Great Basin. From sagebrush steppes to pinyon-juniper woodlands and ponderosa pine forests, this flycatcher forages for insects from shrubs or low tree branches.

The gray flycatcher is one of many species in the genus "Empidonax". These species are very similar in appearance and behavior, and they are notoriously difficult to differentiate. The best characteristics for distinguishing these species are voice, breeding habitat, and range. The gray flycatcher, however, can be identified by a unique behavior, its slow downward tail wag. Other "Empidonax" species typically exhibit a rapid upward tail flick.

Description

Gray flycatchers are small birds, but larger than most "Empidonax" flycatchers. A typical adult measures 15 cm (6 in) in length, 22 cm (9 in) in wingspan, and 12.5g (0.44 oz) in mass (Pyle "et al". 1987).

Adults have pale gray upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with a faint olive tinge after molting in fall. Underparts are whitish, but washed slightly with yellow in fresh plumage. They have white wing bars and an inconspicuous white eye ring. There is a pale supraloral band stretching above the base of the bill. Relative to other "Empidonax" flycatchers, the gray flycatcher has a long, narrow bill, a long tail, and the mandible tends to be paler for more of its length (Pyle "et al". 1987).

Juveniles are similar in appearance to adults, but with stronger olive and yellow tones. Also, young birds have buffy wing bars and brownish breasts (Pyle "et al". 1987).

Taxonomy

There are no recognized subspecies, and there is no geographic variation reported (Sterling 1999).

The gray flycatcher is very similar morphologically to the dusky flycatcher ("Empidonax oberholseri"), which has been problematic in taxonomy. When described as a species in 1889, the gray flycatcher was named "Empidonax griseus". This name was reduced to synonymy when it was discovered that the type specimen designated for the dusky flycatcher was in fact a gray flycatcher. The name then in use for dusky flycatcher was Wright’s flycatcher ("E. wrightii"), a name proposed in 1858. Because the name "wrightii" took precedence, it was applied to the gray flycatcher, leaving the dusky flycatcher to be given a new name, "E. oberholseri" (Sterling 1999).

Distribution

The gray flycatcher breeds from southernmost British Columbia through a narrow zone in central Washington to eastern Oregon and California. The range extends east across Nevada, southern Idaho, Utah, and northern Arizona to southwestern Wyoming, western Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico (Sterling 1999).

The gray flycatcher arrives on breeding grounds mid-April to mid-May, depending on latitude, and leaves between mid-August and mid-September. Migration between breeding and wintering grounds takes approximately seven weeks in both spring and autumn. Males usually arrive on breeding grounds one week prior to arrival of females (Sterling 1999).

The gray flycatcher winters in Baja California Sur, southeastern Arizona, and central Sonora to central Oaxaca. Small numbers may winter in western Texas and southern California (Sterling 1999).

Habitat

Breeding habitat can be shrubland, open woodland, or forest with bare understory. Although it is typically dominated by sagebrush ("Artemisia spp"), common associations include bitterbrush ("Purshia spp"), rabbitbrush ("Chrysothamnus spp", "Ericameria nauseosus"), mountain-mahogany ("Cercocarpus ledifolius"), juniper ("Juniperus spp"), pinyon pine ("Pinus spp"), and ponderosa pine ("Pinus ponderosa").

During migration habitat is generally similar to breeding habitat, but riparian areas are often used. Thus, migrants may be found in willow ("Salix spp"), oaks ("Quercus spp"), or mesquite ("Prosopis spp") (Sterling 1999).

In winter the gray flycatcher is found in “arid open and semiopen areas with scrub and scattered trees” (Howell 1995).

Behavior

Diet

The diet presumably consists entirely of insects and other small invertebrates. Fruit may be eaten in winter, but that has not been confirmed (Sterling 1999).

Most prey is taken in flight or from the ground. A bird will wait on an open perch – usually on a shrub or low tree branch – and fly out to catch a passing insect. Less commonly, a hovering bird gleans prey from foliage or bark.

Reproduction

The gray flycatcher is territorial during the breeding season. Males establish a territory and attract a female through vocalizations and displays. They appear to be monogamous, but extra-pair copulations may occur (Sterling 1999).

The nest is bulky and less compact than those of other "Empidonax" flycatchers. The female builds the nest (males rarely help) from various plant materials, especially grass stalks and strips of bark. The nest is usually lined with softer materials, such as wool, hair, feathers, or soft grasses. Nests may be placed in sagebrush, bitterbrush, junipers, or pines. Nest height depends in part on the height of the substrate (i.e., nests tend to be higher in taller trees) but is usually 1 - 6 m (3 - 20 feet) above ground. Most nests are placed in the crotch of a branch next to the trunk, but some are situated on larger branches away from the trunk (Sterling 1999).

Females lay one egg per day, with a final clutch size of three or four. The female incubates the eggs for about two weeks. The eggs, although laid on different days, usually hatch on the same day. The chicks are altricial and have little down when they hatch. Both parents feed the nestlings. Fledging occurs about 16 days after hatching (Sterling 1999).

Vocalizations

Only the male sings. The song is a strong, two syllable note described as "chuwip" or "wilip". A weaker, higher-pitched "teeap" or "seep" is often inserted into the song. Both sexes give a dry "pit" or "wit" call. Females call often when foraging or collecting nest materials (Sterling 1999).

References

* Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.
*
* Pyle, Peter, Steve N.G. Howell, Robert P. Yunick, and David F. DeSante. 1987. Identification Guide to North American Passerines. Slate Creek Press. Bolinas, CA.
* Sterling, John C. 1999. Gray flycatcher ("Empidonax wrightii"), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology

External links

* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=gray+flycatcher&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=25 Gray Flycatcher photo gallery] VIREO [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/species_image.php?species=Empidonax+wrightii Photo-High Res--(Close-up)]
* [http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~drintoul/sabbatical_images/images/gray_flycatcher_3_s.jpgPhoto-High Res--(Close-up)] ; [http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~drintoul/sabbatical_images/utahbirds.htm Article] – www-personal.ksu.edu-("Photo gallery–Utah Birds")