Franz von Werra

Infobox Military Person
name=Franz von Werra
lived=13 July 1914 – 25 October 1941
placeofbirth=Leuk in Switzerland
placeofdeath=near Vlissingen in the Netherlands


caption=Franz von Werra
nickname=
allegiance=flagicon|Nazi Germany Nazi Germany
serviceyears=1936-1941
rank=Hauptmann
branch=Luftwaffe
commands=I./JG 53
unit=JG 3, JG 53
battles=World War II
*Battle of Britain
*Operation Barbarossa
awards="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross"
laterwork=

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Franz von Werra (1914-1941) was a German World War II fighter pilot who was shot down over England and captured. He is generally regarded as the only Axis prisoner of war to succeed in escaping and returning to Germany, though over the years several other claimed escapes by Axis prisoners have been alleged. (One of von Werra's fellow POWs, Luftwaffe Leutnant Walter Manhard, also later successfully escaped from a Gravenhurst, Ontario POW camp while on a swimming excursion. Presumed drowned, he had actually escaped to New York, where he decided to remain for the duration.)

Biography

Franz von Werra was born on 13 July, 1914, to impoverished Swiss parents in Leuk, a town in the Swiss canton of Valais. Later he and his sister were given into the care of an aristocratic German family.

In 1936, von Werra joined the Luftwaffe. At the beginning of the war, he served in the French campaign with Jagdgeschwader 3. An able officer, he became Adjudant of II Gruppe, JG 3, despite his often boisterous 'playboy' behavior and a degree of self-promotion (he was pictured in the German press with his pet lion Simba he kept as the unit mascot at the aerodrome). He also used the title Baron, although he was not entitled to it.Fact|date=January 2008

Von Werra scored his first four victories during the Battle of France in May 1940. In one sortie during the Battle of Britain on 25 August he claimed nine RAF planes destroyed, including five on the ground, but only four airborne planes were credited. On 5 September 1940, von Werra's Bf 109 was shot down over Kent by Pilot Officer Basil Gerald 'Stapme' Stapleton of No. 603 Squadron. Pilot Officer George Bennions of No. 41 Squadron may have initially damaged von Werra's fighter before Stapleton administered the coup de grâce.Fact|date=January 2008 von Werra crash-landed in a field, was captured by the unarmed cook of a nearby army unit and eventually sent to the London District Prisoner of War Cage. He was interrogated for two weeks and four days and eventually sent to POW Camp No.1, at Grizedale Hall in the Furness Fells area of Lancashire between Windermere and Coniston Water.

On 7 October he tried to escape for the first time, during a daytime walk outside the camp. At a regular stop, while a fruit cart provided a diversion and other German prisoners covered for him, von Werra slipped over a dry-stone wall into a field. The guards alerted the local farmers and the Home Guard. On the evening of 10 October, two Home Guard soldiers found him sheltering from the rain in a hoggarth (a small stone hut used for storing sheep fodder, that are common in the area), but he quickly escaped and disappeared into the night.Fact|date=January 2008 On 12 October, he was spotted climbing a fell. The area was surrounded and von Werra was eventually found, almost totally immersed in a muddy depression in the ground. Werra was sentenced to 21 days of solitary confinement, and subsequently transferred on 3 November to Camp No. 10 in Swanwick, Derbyshire.

In Camp No. 13, also known as the Hayes camp, von Werra joined a group calling themselves "Swanwick Tiefbau A. G." (Swanwick Excavations, Inc.), who were digging an escape tunnel. After a month it was completed, on 17 December 1940. The camp forgers equipped them with money and fake identity papers. On 20 December, von Werra and four others slipped out of the tunnel under the cover of anti-aircraft fire and the singing of the camp choir. The others were recaptured only a few days later,Fact|date=January 2008 leaving von Werra to go it alone. He had taken along his flying suit and decided to masquerade as Captain Van Lott, a Dutch RAF pilot. He claimed to a friendly locomotive driver that he was a downed bomber pilot trying to reach his unit, and asked to be taken to the nearest RAF base.Fact|date=January 2008 In Codnor Park Station, a local clerk became suspicious, but eventually agreed to arrange his transportation to the RAF aerodrome at Hucknall, near Nottingham. The police also questioned him, but von Werra convinced them he was harmless. At Hucknall, a Squadron Leader Boniface asked for his credentials and he claimed to be based at Dyce near Aberdeen. While Boniface went to check this, von Werra excused himself and ran to the nearest hangar, trying to tell a mechanic that he was cleared for a test flight.Fact|date=January 2008 Boniface arrived in time to arrest him at gunpoint. He was sent back to Hayes and put under armed guard.

In January 1941, von Werra was sent with many other German prisoners to Canada. His group was to be taken to a camp on the north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario, so von Werra began to plan his escape to the United States, which was still neutral at the time. On 21 January, while on a prison train that had departed Montreal, he jumped out of a window, again with the help of other prisoners, and ended up near Smiths Falls, 30 miles from the St. Lawrence River. Seven other prisoners tried to escape from the same train, but were soon recaptured. Werra's absence was not noticed until the next afternoon.Fact|date=January 2008

After an agonizing crossing of the frozen St. Lawrence River, Werra made his way over the border to Ogdensburg, New York, U.S.A. and turned himself over to the police. The immigration authorities charged him with entering the country illegally, so von Werra contacted the local German consul. Thus, he came to the attention of the press and told them a very embellished version of his story. While the U.S. and Canadian authorities were negotiating his extradition, the German vice-consul helped him over the border to Mexico. von Werra proceeded in stages to Rio de Janeiro Brazil, Barcelona Spain, and Rome Italy. He finally arrived back in Germany on 18 April 1941.Fact|date=January 2008

Franz von Werra became a hero. Hitler granted him the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes, and he got married.Fact|date=January 2008 He was tasked to improve German interrogation techniques of captured pilots based on his own experience with the British system. [cite journal|author=James S. Corum [http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/people.cfm?q=548&email=false] |title=Secrets of the Nazi Interrogators: How the Luftwaffe tricked Allied airmen into talking|publisher=Weider History Group|journal=World War II magazine [http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_ii] |pages=p. 42–49|year=2008|month=March] Werra then returned to the Luftwaffe and was initially deployed to the Russian front, raising his tally to 21 aerial victories in July 1941. When his wing, JG 53, was withdrawn from Russia he flew patrols over the North Sea.

On 25 October 1941, just seven months after his return to Germany, von Werra's aircraft disappeared over the North Sea near Vlissingen, most probably due to engine failure. His body was never found.

Popular culture

Werra's story was the subject of a film called "The One That Got Away" starring Hardy Krüger as von Werra. The film was based on a book by Kendall Burt and James Leasor published in 1956.

Notes

Literature

*"The One That Got Away" by Kendall Burt and James Leasor (London, 1956)

External links

*imdb title|id=0050803|title=The One That Got Away (1957)
*" [http://www.animatedsoftware.com/misc/theworld/vonwerra/fw4101nw.gifBarron Von Werra Begins Tour of "Sights" After Arrival In New York City] ", Ogdensburg Journal (USA 27 January 1941)
*" [http://www.u-35.com/sources/TheOneThatGotAway.htm von Werra's escape attempt from Grizedale Hall] "
* [http://www.luftwaffe.cz/werra.html Aces of the Luftwaffe - Franz von Werra ] at www.luftwaffe.cz von Werra's Luftwaffe record.