Ground glass joint

Ground glass joints are used in laboratories to quickly and easily fit leak-tight apparatus together from commonly available parts. For example, a round bottom flask, Liebig condenser, and oil bubbler with ground glass joints may be rapidly fitted together to reflux a reaction mixture. This is a large improvement compared with older methods of custom-made glassware, which was time-consuming and expensive, or the use of less chemically- and heat-resistant corks or rubber bungs and glass tubes as joints which took time to prepare as well.

To connect the hollow inner spaces of the glassware components, ground glass joints are hollow on the inside and open at the ends, except for stoppers.

History

Crude versions of conically-tapered ground glass joints have been made for quite a while, particularly for stoppers for glass bottles and retorts. These days, ground glass joints can be precisely ground to a reproducible taper or shape. They are made to join two glassware pieces together. One of the glassware items to be joined would have an inner (or male) joint with the ground glass surface facing outward and the other would have an outer (or female) joint of a correspondingly-fitting taper with the ground glass surface facing inward.

Joint types

Two general types of ground glass joints are fairly commonly used: joints which are slightly conically-tapered and "ball and socket" joints (sometimes called spherical joints).

Conically tapered joints

The conically tapered ground glass joints typically have a 1:10 taper and are often labeled with a symbol consisting of a capital T overlaid on a capital S which stands for "Standard Taper". This symbol is followed by a number, a slash, and another number. The first number represents the outer diameter in millimeters (mm) at the base of an inner joint or the inner diameter in millimeters at the tip of an outer joint, in both cases where the applicable diameter is at a maximum in the joint. The second number represents the ground glass length of the joint in millimeters.cite web | publisher = East Carolina University | url = http://www.ecu.edu/glassblowing/glasscomponents.html | title = Glassblower's Components: Joints and Stopcocks] The most commonly encountered joints are 14/20 and 24/40. These joint sizes apply only to glassware in the US. There are also European ISO standard joints with common joint sizes of 10/19, 14/23 and 29/42. The US and ISO joints differ only in the length not in the slope, and can be used in combination. The stopper joints of chemical bottles, volumetric flasks, and separatory funnels often do not use the precision standard taper ground glass joints. Stopper joints are designated (if at all) only by the maximum diameter number Fact|date=February 2007.

Ball-and-socket joints

For ball-and-socket joints, the inner joint is a ball, and the outer joint is a socket, both having holes leading to the interior of their respective tube ends to which they are fused. The ball tip is a hemisphere with a ground glass surface on the outside which fits inside of the socket where the ground glass surface is on the inside. Ball-and-socket joints are labeled with a size code consisting of a number, a slash, and another number. The first number represents the outer diameter in mm of the ball at its base or the inner diameter in millimeters at the tip of a socket, in both cases where the diameters are their maximum in the joints. The second number represents the inner diameter of the hole in the middle of the ball or socket, which leads to the inner diameter of the tube fused to the joint.

For either standard taper joints or ball-and-socket joints, inner and outer joints with the same numbers are made to fit together. When the joint sizes are different, ground glass adapters may be available (or made) to place in between to connect them. Special clips or pinch clamps may be placed around the union of the joints to help keep them together.

Round-bottom flasks often have one or more conically-tapered ground glass joint openings or "necks". Conventionally, these joints at the flask necks are outer joints. Other adapters such as distillation heads and vacuum adapters are made with joints that fit in with this convention. If a flask or other container has an extra outer ground glass joint on it which needs to be closed off for an experiment, there are often conically-tapered inner ground glass stoppers available for such a purpose. In some cases, small hook-like protrusions made of glass may be fused onto the rest of the glass item near a joint to allow an end loop of a small spring to be attached so the spring helps keep joints temporarily together. The use of a special very small size of conically-tapered fitting for glass, plastic, or metal parts called a Luer fitting or adapter has become more widespread. Originally, Luer fittings were mostly used to connect the hub of a needle to a syringe. Where the use of ground glass presents a problem such as in the production or distillation of diazomethane, which may explode on contact with rougher surfaces, equipment with smooth glass joints may be used.

Keck clips

Patented in 1984 by Hermann Keck, [Ref patent
country=US
number=4442572
status=patent
title=Clip for fixing male and female parts of ground glass joints
pubdate=
gdate=1984-04-17
fdate=1982-09-30
pridate=
invent1=Hermann Keck
invent2=
assign1=
assign2=
class=] Keck clips are used to hold the pieces together. These are usually made of polyacetal, and are colored according to joint sizes.

An older method was to have barbs on the ends of each joint; a spring was used to apply tension.

Lubrication and sealing

A rather thin layer of grease particularly made for this application can be applied to the ground glass surfaces to be connected and the inner joint is inserted into the outer joint such that the ground glass surfaces of each are next to each other to make the connection. In addition to making a leak-tight connection, the grease allows to joints to be later separated more easily.cite web | url = http://www.ilpi.com/inorganic/glassware/joints.html | title = Glassware Joints | publisher = Interactive Learning Paradigms Inc. | author = Rob Toreki | date = 2006-12-30] However, a potential drawback of using such grease is that if it is used on laboratory glassware for an extended period of time in high temperature applications (such as for continuous distillation), the grease may eventually cause contamination of the chemicals.

PTFE (Teflon) sleeves [cite journal | doi = 10.1088/0950-7671/34/1/429 | title = Sleeves to replace grease in ground glass joints | year = 1957 | author = Loughborough Glass Co., Ltd. | journal = Journal of Scientific Instruments | volume = 34 | pages = 38 ] and PTFE sealing rings [ Glindemann, D., Glindemann, U. (2000). [http://www.iscpubs.com/articles/aln/n0002gli.pdf Tight glassware with PTFE-sealing ring for taper joints.] , "American Laboratory" 32 (5): 46-48 — a comparison of PTFE rings with PTFE sleeves)] are used in between joints to fit them together instead of grease. PTFE tape is another alternative that is finding widespread use.

Cleaning

Ground glass joints are opaque and physically free of debris when clean. Solvents, reaction mixtures, and old grease show up as transparent spots. Grease can be removed by wiping with an appropriate solvent; ether, DCM, or hexanes work well for silicone- and hydrocarbon-based greases. Fluoroether-based greases can only be wiped off as best as possible — they are quite impervious to organic solvents.

Frozen joints

Standard taper ground glass joints sometimes freeze or seize. Ball and socket-type joints are not susceptible, due to the larger freedom of motion of the joint. Joints may freeze for a few reasons, such as:
* the lack of lubrication (with grease, sleeves, or tape)
* attack of the ground glass surfaces by strong bases
* deposition of solids from reaction mixturescite web | url = http://www.ilpi.com/inorganic/glassware/glassblowing.html | title = Glassblowing | publisher = Interactive Learning Paradigms Inc. | author = Rob Toreki | date = 2006-06-27]
* leaching of greases by organic solvents
* dirt or other debris
* allowing sealed vessels to cool (creating a pressure difference across the joint)

Frozen joints may be removed by working solvent into the joint while rocking the stopper, heating the joint, or cooling the stopper. There are also specialized glassblower tools to deal with this problem.cite web | publisher = East Carolina University | title = Stuck/Frozen Glass Joints | url = http://www.ecu.edu/glassblowing/frozenglass.htm]

ee also

* Laboratory glassware

References

Gallery