List of sexually active popes

This is a list of sexually active popes of the Roman Catholic Church. Some candidates were sexually active before their election as pope, and it has sometimes been claimed that other Popes were sexually active "during" their papacies.

Introduction

The Catholic Church has formally required priests and bishops to be celibate since the Middle Ages. [ [http://www.vanimo-diocese.com/download/pastoral_letters/2005-Pastoral-Paper-On-Priestly-Celibacy.pdf Priestly celibacy] retrieved June 9, 2008] Previously, celibacy was not absolutely required for those ordained, but still was a discipline practiced in the early Church. In this context, "celibate" is not synonymous with sexually abstinent; it means "not married" and only entails sexual abstinence because a different doctrine requires sexual abstinence outside marriage.

The discipline of celibacy is not considered one of the infallible immutable dogmas, but Catholic doctrine does say that virginity and celibacy, lived out as abstinence, are higher than marriage, following the Letters of Paul of Tarsus and confirmed by a dogma in the Council of Trent.

In some cases a married Protestant minister or Anglican priest who converts to Catholicism may be ordained to the priesthood. Present-day church law allows the College of Cardinals to elect a married man to the papacy. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, married men are routinely ordained to the priesthood, but not to the episcopate. According to the Gospels, Saint Peter, whom Catholics claim to be the founder, bishop and first Pope of the Christian community in Rome, was married.

Allegedly and factually sexually active popes

There have been 254 popes. There are various classifications for those who were sexually active at some time during their life. Periods in parentheses refer to the years of their papacies.

Popes married before receiving Holy Orders

It was within canon law, and still is, for priests to have once been married before receiving Holy Orders. In the Eastern Rite branches of the Catholic Church, it is within canon law to be a priest and married.
*Saint Peter, whose mother-in-law is mentioned in the Bible as having been miraculously healed (Mat 8:15). Peter (Cephas) was also shown to be married (leading about a wife) during his apostleship in Paul's first letter to the Corinthians (9:5).
*Pope St. Hormisdas (514–523) was married and widowed before ordination. He was the father of Pope Saint Silverius. ["Catholic Encyclopedia" (1910) [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07470a.htm Pope St. Hormisdas] ]
*Pope Adrian II (867–872) was married, before taking orders, and had a daughter.Fact|date=November 2007
*Pope John XVII (1003) was married before his election to the papacy and had three sons, who all became priests.Fact|date=November 2007
*Pope Clement IV (1265–1268) was married, before taking holy orders, and had two daughters. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04019a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Clement IV] ]
*Pope Honorius IV (1285–1287) was married before he took the Holy Orders and had at least two sons. He entered the clergy after his wife died, the last pope to have been married. [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1261.htm The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Cardinal Giacomo Savelli] ]

Popes sexually active in violation of Catholic teachings on sexual morality

exually active only before receiving Holy Orders

*Pope Pius II (1458–1464) had at least two illegitimate children (one in Strasbourg and another one in Scotland), born before he entered the clergy. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12126c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Pope Pius II] ]
*Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492) had at least two illegitimate children, born before he entered the clergy. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08019b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Pope Innocent VIII] ]
*Pope Clement VII (1523–1534) had one illegitimate son before he took holy orders. Some sources identify him with Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence but this identification has not been ascertained [S. Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1513.htm#Medici Cardinal Giulio de Medici - Pope Clement VII (note 1)] ]
*Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585) had an illegitimate son before he took holy orders. [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1565.htm#Boncompagni The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Ugo Boncompagni] ]

exually active after receiving Holy Orders

*Pope Julius II (1503–1513) had at least one illegitimate daughter, Felice della Rovere (born in 1483, twenty years before his election). Some sources indicate that he had two additional illegitimate daughters, who died in their childhood. [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1471.htm#Dellarovere The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Giuliano della Rovere] ]
*Pope Paul III (1534–1549) held off ordination [He was ordained priest only in 1519, but in 1493 he was created Cardinal-deacon, and as such he belonged to the ecclesiestical state] in order to continue his promiscuous lifestyle, fathering four illegitimate children (three sons and one daughter) by his mistress Silvia Rufina. He broke his relations with her ca. 1513. There is no evidence of sexual activity during his papacy. [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1493.htm#Farnese The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Alessandro Farnese] ]
*Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) had three illegitimate children before his election to the papacy. [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1549.htm#Medici The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Giovanni Angelo de' Medici] ]

exually active during their pontificate

Along with other complaints, the activities of the popes between 1458 to 1565, helped to bring about the Reformation.
*Pope Sergius III (904–911) was supposedly the father of Pope John XI by Marozia. Bertrand Fauvarque underlines that the sources backing up this parenthood, notably Liutprand of Cremona in his "Antapodosis" are dubious, Liutprand being "prone to exaggeration" while other mentions of this fatherhood appear in satires written by supporters of late Pope Formosus [Fauvarque, Bertrand (2003). "De la tutelle de l'aristocratie italienne à celle des empereurs germaniques". In Y.-M. Hilaire (Ed.), "Histoire de la papauté , 2000 ans de missions et de tribulations". Paris:Tallandier. ISBN 2-02-059006-9, p. 163.] .
*Pope John XII (955–963) (deposed by Conclave) was said to have turned the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano into a brothel and was accused of adultery, fornication, and incest (Source: Patrologia Latina). [cite book | author=Martin, Malachi | title= Decline and Fall of the Roman Church | location=New York | publisher=Bantam Books | year=1981 | id=ISBN 0-553-22944-3 p. 105] (See also pornocracy).
*Pope Benedict IX (1032–1044, again in 1045 and finally 1047–1048) was said to have conducted a very dissolute life during his papacy. [ [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02429a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Benedict IX] ]
*Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) had a notably long affair with Vannozza dei Cattanei before his papacy, by whom he had his famous illegitimate children Cesare and Lucrezia. A later mistress, Giulia Farnese, was the sister of Alessandro Farnese, who later became Pope Paul III. He fathered a total of at least seven, and possibly as many as ten illegitimate children. [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1456.htm#Borja The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Rodrigo Borja] ] (Also see Banquet of Chestnuts.)

Popes who have been accused of being sexually active since the Catholic Reformation (1565)

There have been forty-one popes since 1565. None of them are known to have been sexually active during their papacy.

ee also

*Legends surrounding the papacy

Notes

References

*"The Pope Encyclopedia: An A to Z of the Holy See" , Matthew Bunson, Crown Trade Paperbacks, New York, 1995.
*"The Papacy", Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, Columbia University Press, New York, 1984.
*"Lives of the Popes", Richard P. McBrien, Harper Collins, San Francisco, 1997.
*"Papal Genealogy", George L. Williams, McFarland& Co., Jefferson, North Carolina, 1998.
*"Sex Lives of the Popes", Nigel Cawthorne, Prion, London, 1996.