Raptor Red

infobox Book
name = Raptor Red


image_caption = "Raptor Red" paperback cover with holographic illustration
author = Robert T. Bakker
country = United States
genre = Science fiction
publisher = Bantam Books
release_date = 1995
media_type = Print (Hardcover and Paperback)
Audiobook
pages = 246 pp
isbn = ISBN 0553101242

"Raptor Red" is a 1995 fictional novel by paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, featuring many of his theories regarding dinosaurs' social habits, intelligence, and the world in which they lived. It is a third-person account of dinosaurs during the Cretaceous Period, told from the point of view of Raptor Red, a female "Utahraptor".

The book follows a year in Raptor Red's life as she loses her mate, finds her family, and struggles to survive in a hostile environment. Bakker drew inspiration from Ernest Thompson Seton's works that look at life through the eyes of predators, and said that he found it "fun" to write from a top predator's perspective. Bakker based his portrayals of dinosaurs and other prehistoric wildlife on fossil evidence, as well as studies of modern animals.

When released, "Raptor Red" was generally praised: Bakker's anthropomorphism was seen as a unique and positive aspect of the book, and his writing described as folksy and heartfelt. Criticisms of the novel included a perceived lack of characterization and average writing. Some scientists, such as paleontologist David B. Norman, took issue with the scientific theories portrayed in the novel, fearing that the public would accept them as fact, while Discovery Channel host Jay Ingram defended Bakker's creative decisions in an editorial.

Background

Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker originally suggested the genus name "Utahraptor" for a new dinosaur specimen that had been found by an amateur bone-hunter in Utah. Bakker was at the time consulting with the designers of the "Jurassic Park" film, whose largest portrayed "Velociraptor"—called the "big female" in the script—was coincidentally the same size as the newly discovered "Utahraptor". [cite book|year=1995|last=Bakker|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Bakker|title=Raptor Red|pages=p. 4|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-553-57561-9] Bakker was motivated to write the book by both his interest in dinosaur behavior and his desire to marry science and entertainment, saying that "nature is a drama. It is the most ripping yarn ever written. You've got life and death and sex and betrayal and the best way to approach it is through individual animals." According to Bakker, "It was fun to put myself in the mind of a raptor, especially since being a top predator is so challenging... much harder than [being] a herbivore."cite news|last=Jones|first=Steve|date=1995-08-17|title=Robert Bakker digs the dinosaurs; scientist has prehistoric tales to tell.|publisher="USA Today"|page=D1] He credited the turn-of-the-century naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton's works that focused on life from the perspectives of grizzly bears and wolves as having inspired him to write the novel from the dinosaur's point of view.

"Raptor Red" was an attempt to introduce "Utahraptor" to the public, as well as explain some of Bakker's theories regarding dinosaur behavior. [Bakker, pp. 6–8.] Bakker's raptors are shown as monogamous, relatively intelligent and social creatures, an assertion he defends, saying "the life of dinosaurian hunters was hard. Most skeletons we excavate have clear marks of old wounds. To survive and raise their young, the predators needed more than sharp teeth and strong claws. They needed social bonds."cite news|last=Naughton|first=John|date=1995-09-05|title=At home with a Jurassic monster|work = The Times] Bakker also advances his controversial theory that an asteroid impact did not kill the dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, but rather a disease spread through migration.

Another of the novel's goals was to dispel the common perception of predators as evil and portray them as creatures to be admired and empathized with.cite news|last=Hansen|first=Laurie|date=1995-08-20|title=Paleontologist/Author Dr. Bakker on His New Dino Novel|publisher=National Public Radio] "Being a top predator is difficult", Bakker said, noting that fossils of big predators often show multiple broken and healed bones, as well as signs of serious infections, all evidence of a harsh lifestyle. "Most predators had some trauma, they had been beaten up—for a simple reason: Dinner fights back", he continued.cite news|last=Chander|first=David|date=1995-11-13|title=In his field, Robert Bakker walks alone|publisher=Boston Globe|page=29] The behavior of the raptors and other animals featured in the novel was based on a combination of fossil evidence and observations of modern animals, such as chimpanzees and alligators.

Bakker received a large advance for the novel from Bantam Books, rumored to be in the six-figure range. The book was prominently featured at the American Booksellers' Convention in Chicago, alongside Michael Crichton's "The Lost World". [cite news|last=Dale|first=David|date=1995-06-10|title=Inside the trend factory|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|page=13] Coverage of the event noted that both novels were on the trailing end of the dinosaur fad fueled by "Jurassic Park", as the new trend in American books was shifting toward politics in the aftermath of the 1994 US Senate elections. [cite news|last=Hainer|first=Cathy|date=1995-06-05|title=Politicos weigh in at book gathering|publisher=USA Today|page=D1]

"Raptor Red" was initially published as a mass-market paperback and hardcover book, and was later released as an audiobook by Simon & Schuster Audio, read by Megan Gallagher.cite news|author=Staff|date=1995-10-14|title=Reviews; Audio Books|publisher=Billboard] Bakker's audiobook royalties—at least $34,000 by November 1995—were donated to the Tate Museum in Casper, Wyoming, where he was curator. [cite news|last=Jones|first=Steve|date=1995-08-20|title=Bob's Rapt in Dinosaurs|work = The Sunday Mail|page=55]

ynopsis

etting and characters

"Raptor Red" takes place approximately 120 million years ago, in the Early Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic. At the time, a land bridge had formed between Asia and the Americas, this allowed groups of foreign dinosaurs to invade present-day Utah; one of these foreign species is "Utahraptor". Raptor Red's name comes from the symbols the dinosaur learns as a hatchling to self-identify with. [Bakker, p. 19.] Bakker gives an individual view of each species of dinosaur or ancient creature in the same style as Red's experiences; these include a baby "Gastonia" who instinctively attacks what it doesn't understand with its clubbed tail, and a whip-tailed brontosaur who enjoys beating up predators. [cite news|author=Jones, Steven|date=1995-08-27|title=Family Ties and Tensions 120 Million Years Old|work=The Sunday Mail] Bakker prominently features the adventures of a "fur-ball" mammal, "Aegialodon"; according to the author, the emphasis was added because the "Aegialodon" is on the direct ancestral line to humans.

Plot

In the book's opening, the title character and her mate ambush a herd of "Astrodon", which are large herbivorous sauropods. The "Astrodon" are surprised, thinking that their bulk deters smaller predators. "Utahraptor", however, are much larger than any resident raptor, and proceed to take down an "Astrodon" with teamwork. When Red's mate climbs onto the dead "Astrodon", the corpse rolls in the mud, trapping the male under the bulk of the animal. Despite Red's best efforts, her mate suffocates. Despondent, Red wanders around the floodplain, nearly starving since a "Utahraptor" cannot successfully hunt big game on its own.

A few weeks later, Red follows a familiar scent and is reunited with her sister, a single mother with three chicks. The two hunt together and bring food back to the nest for the young. A white pterosaur, one Red has seen since she hatched, helps the two by finding carrion and prey in exchange for a helping of meat. On one hunting expedition, when the two adult "Utahraptor" are stalking a herd of "Iguanodon", Red spies a young male "Utahraptor" that is watching their prey. He begins a courtship dance for Red, but Red's sister chases him off, hissing. Her growls agitate the "Iguanodon", who stampede; the male hastily leaves. After climbing into a tree to escape a flash flood, Red encounters the male raptor again, who performs a courtship dance while hanging onto the tree branches. Red's sister begrudgingly allows the male to stay with them, provided he steers clear of her chicks.

For a while, Red and her pack are happy, feeding off the plentiful carrion left by receding flood waters, but the packs' way of life is upset by an invasion of large "Acrocanthosaurus", huge meat-eating dinosaurs. The added competition for food puts strain on the pack, as does the unexpected death of one of the chicks. A fight erupts between the male raptor and Red's sister. Red, torn between a prospective mate and her kin, tries to defuse the situation. Two "Acrocanthosaurus" watch the commotion and take the opportunity to attack the "Utahraptor". Meanwhile, a "Kronosaurus" ambushes one of the chicks on the beach. Seeing the danger, Red lures the female "Acrocanthosaurus" into deep water where the larger predator is dragged under by the "Kronosaurus". Red saves her family, but at a price—her consort is forced away by Red's sister.

Facing continual threats from the "Acrocanthosaurus", Red, her sister and the chicks are forced up into the mountains. They encounter ice and snow for the first time, and kill a therizinosaur in a cave, turning the den into their nest. The older chick now accompanies the two adults on hunting expeditions. One day the raptors encounter a strange creature they have never seen—a whip-tailed diplodocid who inflicts wounds on Red and her sister; the older chick is forced to set off alone and find the pack's food. This calamity coincides with the arrival of a large pack of smaller raptors known as "Deinonychus". Sensing the weakness of the "Utahraptor" pack, they surround the nest and wait for the wounded raptors to become weak enough to attack.

Red's sister dies, and Red is crippled and defenseless against the smaller dinosaurs. The "Deinonychus" close in and wait for Red to die, but are driven back by a sudden attack—the older "Utahraptor" chick returns with Red's consort to defend the nest, driving back the "Deinonychus". Some time later, the old white pterosaur circles over Red's mountain stronghold, and finds the pack has grown considerably. Both Red and the older chick have found mates and have chicks, who are having fun rolling down a hill. The satisfied pterosaur leaves to find a mate of his own.

Reception

"Raptor Red" was favorably received by critics and the mainstream press. Much praise was given to Bakker's anthropomorphism of the dinosaurs; [cite journal|author=Johnson, Eric|year=1995|month=September|title=Book Reviews: Fiction|journal=Library Journal|volume=120|issue=14|pages=p. 205] a reviewer for the "Toronto Star" said that "Raptor Red" does for dinosaurs what some nature writing does for creatures alive today: it turns data into stories. And stories are what all of us need to make these animals—even dinosaurs—come alive." Mark Nichols of "Maclean's" said that Bakker's success lay in making the reader hope that the dinosaurs were indeed creatures as Bakker portrayed.cite journal|author=Nichols, Mark|date=1995-10-25|title=Romantic Raptors|journal=Maclean's|volume=108|issue=40|pages=p. 64]

In contrast to positive reception of the dinosaurs, "Entertainment Weekly" felt that the anthropomorphism of the dinosaurs veered close to "a Disney cartoon".cite web|author=Staff|date=1996-08-16|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293723,00.html|title=Book Review: 'Raptor Red'|work=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=2008-08-29] Other criticisms from the press included the perceived lack of character needed for truly engrossing fiction.cite news|author=Udovitch, Mim|date=1995-10-01|title=Leapin' Lizards!|work=The New York Times|page=9] Reviewers described Bakker's work as "thoroughly heartfelt", despite flaws such as inconsistent writing;cite journal|author=Gorman, James|year=1995|month=October|title=Crichton's Jurassic replay; Bakker's utahraptor romance|journal=Natural History|volume=104|issue=10|pages=pp. 22–24] Men's News Daily, a site which focuses on social values, suggested that Bakker's raptors "possess a quaint, special appeal in today's social climate".cite web|author=Noe, Dennis|date=2008-02-06|url=http://mensnewsdaily.com/2008/02/06/raptor-red-by-robert-t-bakker-a-novel-through-the-eyes-of-a-dinosaur/|title=Raptor Red by Robert T. Bakker: A novel through the eyes of a dinosaur|publisher=Men's News Daily|accessdate=2008-09-01] Megan Gallagher's narration of the audiobook, combined with continuous sound effects and dramatic music to create an "aural picture", was also praised. "Entertainment Weekly" gave "Raptor Red" its "Best of Breed Award" for a "captivating novel about animal life".cite journal|author=Lyons, Gene|year=1996|month=January|title=A Civil Action: 1995 Best and Worst|journal=Entertainment Weekly|volume=1|issue=307–308|pages=pp. 126–130]

Many critical reviews of the work came from scientists who objected to Bakker's looseness with scientific fact.cite journal|author=Kanipe, Jeff|year=1996|month=February|title=Dino Redux|journal=Earth|volume=5|issue=1|pages=pp. 66–68] Paleontologist Thomas Holtz noted that Bakker combined fauna in ways not directly supported by the fossil record; for example, some dinosaur species in the book may or may not have died out before the arrival of "Utahraptor". [cite newsgroup | title = Raptor Red: a review (long) | author = Holtz, Thomas R. | date = 1995-09-12 | newsgroup = lepomis.psych.upenn.edu | id = 00258| url = http://dml.cmnh.org/1995Sep/msg00258.html | accessdate = 2008-08-31] Michael Taylor, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the National Museums of Scotland, panned the book, saying that "Raptor Red" is an accurate portrayal only within the context of uncertainties over the reconstruction of fossil animals as living forms ... Bakker's postscript never really admits these uncertainties."cite news|author=Ingram, Jay|date=1995-10-15|title=Paleocrats pan heretic's vivid fiction|work=Toronto Star|page=F8] David B. Norman criticized the book as "no more than a children's adventure story—and a rather poorly written one at that", and stated, "The merging of science and fantasy is at its worst in books like Raptor Red because none but the experts can disentangle fact from fiction; this type of nonsense turns an uninformed reader into a misinformed one."cite journal|author=Norman, David|authorlink=David B. Norman|year=1996|month=April|title=Nature read in tooth and claw|journal=Scientific American|volume=274|issue=4|pages=pp. 108–110] Discovery Channel host Jay Ingram published a rebuttal to these concerns, and said, "The most important point is that Bakker's portrayal of the dinosaurs in "Raptor Red" is vivid—vivid in a way few museum displays or factual accounts can be. And if it turns out in the long run that some of the speculation is unwarranted, who cares? Bob Bakker has given us a unique window onto the era of dinosaurs." According to Bakker, the novel's success led to interest in a movie deal from Hollywood, although no agreement was ever signed.

ee also

* "The Dinosaur Heresies"

References