Walter Lynwood Fleming

Walter Lynwood Fleming (1874-1932) was an American historian, born on a farm at Brundidge, Ala., April 8, 1874, the son of William LeRoy and Mary Love (Edwards) Fleming. His parents on both sides were Georgians who migrated to Alabama in the ante-bellum period. His father, a well-to-do planter and slave owner, served in the Civil War as a cavalryman. He was not politically prominent during Reconstruction. Fleming attended Alabama Polytechnic Institute, taking the B.S. degree, with honors, in 1896, and the M.S. degree in 1897. He taught in the public schools of Alabama in 1894-1896 and became an instructor in history and English at his alma mater in 1896-1897. He was assistant librarian 1897-1898 and an instructor in English 1899-1900. In 1898 Fleming enlisted in the Second Alabama Volunteers in as a private; was promoted to lieutenant, and fought in the Spanish-American War. He began graduate work in history at Columbia University in New York in 1900, taking the PhD in 1904. He was influenced especially by Professor George Petrie of Alabama Polytechnic Institute and Professor William Archibald Dunning of Columbia. From 1903 to 1907 he taught history at West Virginia University, and from 1907 to 1917, at Louisiana State University. In 1917, he was called to a chair in history at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he was a highly effective teacher of undergraduates and graduate students, mentoring numerous PhD's, who in turn created history programs at colleges across the South. He became Dean of the Vanderbilt College of Arts and Sciences in 1923 and later Director of the Graduate School. Fleming was close to the Nashville Agrarians who dedicated to him their influential manifesto "I'll Take My Stand" (1930). [Green 1936] Woodrow Wilson while president of Princeton University offered him a professorship, which Fleming declined.

Historical research

Fleming helped edit and contributed to numerous reference works, including "The Historians' History of the World," 25 volumes (1904); volumes XI and XII of "The South in the Building of the Nation," (1909); "The Photographic History of the Civil War," 10 volumes (1911); the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," Eleventh Edition, (1911) and 14th edition (1929); and the "Dictionary of American Biography," 20 volumes (1928-36).

He was among the Dunning School historians who argued the victorious northerners spoiled Reconstruction by trampling the rights of Southern whites. Fleming rooted his studies of Reconstruction in his knowledge of the ante-bellum period, and gave much more attention that other historians to the writings and activities of African Americans. He wrote that "The negro is the central figure in the reconstruction of the South. Without the negro there would have been no Civil War. Granting a war fought for any other cause, the task of reconstruction would, without him, have been comparatively simple." [Fleming, "The Sequel of Appomattox" (1919), 34.] Along with Frederick Jackson Turner he was one of a few historians to publish in sociology journals. More than any white historian of Reconstruction before the 1960s, he gave extensive attention to the roles of the Blacks, including economic and social conditions. Fleming was the first scholar to examine the Black exodus to Kansas, in "'Pap' Singleton, the Moses of the Colored Exodus" (1909) His study of the "The Freedmen's Savings Bank: A Chapter in the Economic History of the Negro Race," (1927) was reprinted by Negro Universities Press in 1970.

Fleming stressed the multiple dimensions and complexity of Reconstruction, and was among the first to emphasize the social, religious and economic dimensions. He tried to balance all viewpoints. Thus in his highly influential "Documentary History of Reconstruction" (vol 1) he included 64 documents from the white South's viewpoint, 118 from that of their opponents (including 12 blacks), and 70 he considered neutral. In terms of documents, 25 were state laws, 17 were federal laws, 148 were accounts by Northerners, 62 were by ex-Confederates, 22 from Southern Unionists, and 12 from Blacks. [ "Documentary History" 1:x-xi ] W.E.B DuBois denounced Fleming and all the Dunning school, while admitting his works have "a certain fairness and sense of historic honesty." The reviewer for the "American Historical Review" said that Fleming's "sympathies are decidedly with the South, but the work is free from bitterness or prejudice, and is on the whole as impartial an account as one can expect from any writer on this subject." [ Quoted in Green (1936) 507.]

Professional Activities

His memory is honored by the many historians who have given the annual Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in Southern History at Louisiana State University.

Fleming was highly active in professional historical and archival associations. He was a member of the Board of Editors of the "Mississippi Valley Historical Review" from 1914 to 1922 and served on the Committee for State Historical Museums and the program and nominating committees of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. As a member of the Public Archives Commission of the American Historical Association, he surveyed the state archives of West Virginia and Louisiana. He represented the AHA on the National Board of Historical Service and also served on the committee on appointments and the general and program committees. He was a member of the Executive Council of the AHA for two terms and served twice as chairman of the John H. Dunning Prize Committee. Fleming appeared on the program of both these associations as well as that of the Alabama Historical Society.

Criticisms by J.H. Franklin

African American historian John Hope Franklin pointed to the dishonest inaccuracies in Fleming's work, focusing on his treatment of black Alabama Congressman James T. Rapier. [ [http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/jhfranklin.htm AHA Information: John Hope Franklin Presidential Address (1979) ] ] Franklin said::Writing in 1905 Walter L. Fleming referred to James T. Rapier, a Negro member of the Alabama constitutional convention of 1867, as "Rapier of Canada." He then quoted Rapier as saying that the manner in which "colored gentlemen and ladies were treated in America was beyond his comprehension." [Fleming, "Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama" In a footnote to his address, Franklin added: "Fleming knew better, for in another place—deep in a footnote (p. 519)—he asserted that Rapier was from Lauderdale, "educated in Canada"." ]

Franklin explained::Born in Alabama in 1837, Rapier, like many of his white contemporaries, went North for an education. The difference was that instead of stopping in the northern part of the United States, as, for example, (the pro-slavery advocate) William L. Yancey did, Rapier went on to Canada. Rapier's contemporaries did not regard him as a Canadian; and, if some were not precisely clear about where he was born (as was the "Alabama State Journal", which referred to his birthplace as Montgomery rather than Florence), they did not misplace him altogether. [Loren Schweninger, "James T. Rapier and Reconstruction" (Chicago, 1978), xvii, 15.]

Franklin said Fleming knew the truth about Rapier's Canadian status and misrepresented it. Franklin asserted: "In 1905 Fleming made Rapier a Canadian because it suited his purposes to have a bold, aggressive, "impertinent" Negro in Alabama Reconstruction come from some non-Southern, contaminating environment like Canada. But it did not suit his purposes to call Yancey, who was a graduate of Williams College, a "Massachusetts Man." Fleming described Yancey (a white Confederate) as, simply, the "leader of the States Rights men." [Fleming, "Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama", p. 12. For a detailed account and comparison of Yancey and other white Southerners who went North to secure an education, see Franklin's book, "A Southern Odyssey: Travelers in the Antebellum North" (Baton Rouge, 1976), pp. 45-80. ] Franklin is critical of Fleming for stating that Rapier, and others, were "carpetbaggers."Franklin said, "...Fleming, should have been able to see that some of the people that Fleming called carpetbaggers had lived in Alabama for years and were, therefore, entitled to at least as much presumption of assimilation in moving from some other state to Alabama decades before the war as the Irish were in moving from their native land to some community in the United States. ...Whether they had lived in Alabama for decades before the Civil War or had settled there after the war, these "carpetbaggers" were apparently not to be regarded as models for Northern investors or settlers in the early years of the twentieth century. Twentieth-century investors from the North were welcome provided they accepted the established arrangements in race relations and the like. Fleming served his Alabama friends well by ridiculing carpetbaggers, even if in the process he had to distort and misrepresent." [ [http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/jhfranklin.htm AHA Information: John Hope Franklin Presidential Address (1979) ] ]

Publications

* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/_Topics/history/_Texts/journals/AHR/6/1/Buford_Expedition_to_Kansas*.html "The Buford Expedition to Kansas," "American Historical Review," VI (1901), 38-48.]
* "The Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama" (1905; reprinted 1911, 1949), 805 pp
* "Immigration to the Southern States," in the Political Science Quarterly, XX (1905), 276-97. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-3195%28190506%2920%3A2%3C276%3AITTSS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A in JSTOR]
* "Blockade Running and Trade Through the Lines into Alabama, 1861-1865," "South Atlantic Quarterly," IV (1905), 256-72.
* "Reorganization of the Industrial System in Alabama after the Civil War," "American Journal of Sociology," X (1905), 473-99. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28190501%2910%3A4%3C473%3AROTISI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* "The Freedmen's Savings Bank," "Yale Review," XV (1906), 40-67, 134-46.
* editor of "Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial: 1865 to 1906" (1906-7; reprinted 1966 with introduction by David Donald) 2 vols., xviii, 493 and xiv, 480 pp.
* "'Pap' Singleton, The Moses of the Colored Exodus," "American Journal of Sociology," XV (1910), 61-82 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28190907%2915%3A1%3C61%3A%22STMOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 in JSTOR]
* "General W.T. Sherman as college president; a collection of letters, documents, and other material, chiefly from private sources, relating to the life and activities of General William Tecumseh Sherman, to the early years of Louisiana State University" (1912)
* "A Ku Klux Document," in the "Mississippi Valley Historical Review," (1915), 1:575-78. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28191503%291%3A4%3C575%3AAKKD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR]
* "The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States" (Yale University Press: Chronicles of America series; vol. 32) (1919) [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/sqpmx10.txt online version]
* "The Freedmen's Savings Bank: A Chapter in the Economic History of the Negro Race," x, 170 pp. (University of North Carolina Press: 1927; reprinted by Negro Universities Press, 1970)
* "Louisiana State University, 1860-1896" (1936), 499pp
* "The Religious and Hospitable Rite of Feet Washing" (Sewanee, TN, University Press, 1908). 15 pp. Reprinted from The Sewanee Review, XVI (January, 1908), 1-13.

Bibliography

* William C. Binkley. "The Contribution of Walter Lynwood Fleming to Southern Scholarship," "The Journal of Southern History," Vol. 5, No. 2 (May, 1939), pp. 143-154 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(193905)5%3A2%3C143%3ATCOWLF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]
* John Hope Franklin."Race and History: Selected Essays, 1938-1988"(Louisiana State University Press: 1989) pp. 65, 411.(from essay first published in "The Southerner as American," ed. Charles G. Sellers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960).
* John Hope Franklin, "A Southern Odyssey: Travelers in the Antebellum North" (Baton Rouge, 1976)
* Fletcher M. Green. "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction," "The Journal of Southern History," Vol. 2, No. 4. (Nov., 1936), pp. 497-521. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(193611)2%3A4%3C497%3AWLFHOR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K in JSTOR] ----