Tort reform in the United States

Tort reform in the United States refers to a topic of debate over the changes to the tort law system of liability and damages. While the phrase "tort reform" might imply any change in tort law or procedure, the commonly understood use in political and academic arenas describes a movement to limit tort litigation and damages. Fact|date=April 2008 It does not include reforms that would expand liability, such as laws that create new causes of action or that increase damage awards. Fact|date=April 2008 The term is also commonly applied to a political movement that advocates several such changes.

The tort reform debate

Advocacy for tort reform

In general, tort reform advocates contend that out of the over 15 million lawsuits filed in the United States every year, there are too many frivolous lawsuits.

The legal definition of a frivolous lawsuit is a legal action that cannot reasonably be supported under existing legal precedent or under a good-faith argument for a change in the law, or one that has no basis in fact. [Federal Rules of Civil Procedure rule 11(b) [http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/Rule11.htm rule 11(b)] ] The term has acquired a broader rhetorical definition in political debates about tort reform, where it is sometimes used by reform advocates to describe legally non-frivolous tort lawsuits that critics believe are without merit, or award high damage awards relative to actual damages.

Tort reform advocates argue that the present tort system is too expensive, that meritless lawsuits clog up the courts, that per capita tort costs vary significantly from state to state, and that trial attorneys customarily receive an unusually large percentage of the punitive damages awarded to plaintiffs in tort cases. Fact|date=April 2008 High-profile tort cases are often portrayed by the media as the legal system's version of a lottery, where trial lawyers actively seek the magic combination of plaintiff, defendant, judge, and jury. Fact|date=April 2008 Advocates of tort reform complain of unconstitutional regulation caused by litigation. Fact|date=April 2008 and that litigation is used to circumvent the legislative process by achieving regulation that Congress is unwilling or unable to pass. Fact|date=April 2008

A few of the changes frequently advocated include limits on punitive damages, limits on non-economic damages, limiting the collateral source doctrine, use of court-appointed expert witnesses, elimination of elections for judges, reducing appeal bond requirements for defendants faced with bankruptcy, "venue reform", which limits the jurisdictions within which one can file a lawsuit, limits on contingency fees, the adoption of the English Rule of "loser pays" (the defeated party must pay both the plaintiff's and the defendant's expenses), and requiring that class action lawsuits with nationwide plaintiffs be tried in federal courts, eliminating awards for pre-judgment interest.

Opposition to tort reform

Opponents of tort reform contend that supporters exaggerate the costs and ignore the benefits of the current tort system.Lawrence Chimerine and Ross Eisenbrey, [http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/bp157 The frivolous case for tort law change: Opponents of the legal system exaggerate its costs, ignore its benefits] , Economic Policy Institute, May 17, 2005 (EPI Briefing Paper #157), retrieved March 31, 2007] For example, opponents of tort reform contend that lawsuits encourage corporations to produce safer products, discourage them from selling dangerous products such as some forms of asbestos, and encourage more safe and effective medical practices. [ [http://www.atla.org/pressroom/FACTS/products/CasesThatMadeADifference.aspx"Cases That Made a Difference"] ATLA]

Beginning in the early 1980s, Professor Stephen Teret and other faculty at The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argued that tort litigation was an important tool for the prevention of injuries. [ [http://www.jhsph.edu/gunpolicy/litigation_pht.pdf "Litigation is an Important Tool for Injury and Gun Violence Prevention."] "Johns-Hopkins University Center for Gun Policy and Research" Retrieved July 15, 2006] Teret identified several ways that litigation can enhance safety for everyone, including:

1) to avoid paying future damages, the creators of dangerous products or conditions may voluntarily make them safer;
2) where conduct is particularly egregious, courts may award punitive damages to deter that conduct in the future;
3) the process of gathering information prior to trial – called 'discovery' – can bring information to light that can be used by policy-makers to create new laws or regulations."

A 2006 study by Emory University professors Paul Rubin and Joanna Shepherd examined the effect of tort reforms on non-motor vehicle accidental death rates, and found that "caps on noneconomic damages, a higher evidence standard for punitive damages, product liability reform, and prejudgment interest reform lead to fewer accidental deaths, while reforms to the collateral source rule lead to increased deaths." [ [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=781424 "Tort Reform and Accidental Deaths"] Rubin, Paul H. and Shepherd, Joanna, (February 20 2006). Emory Law and Economics Research Paper No. 05-17 Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=781424]

Controversy over the impact on business

Some advocates of tort reform posit that reforms can significantly reduce the costs of doing business, thus benefiting consumers and the public in the long run. Harvard Business School professor Michael E. Porter stated: "product liability is so extreme and uncertain as to retard innovation. The legal and regulatory climate places firms in constant jeopardy of costly and … lengthy product suits. The existing approach goes beyond any reasonable need to protect consumers, as other nations have demonstrated through more pragmatic approaches." [Michael E. Porter, "The Competitive Advantage of Nations", p. 649, ISBN 0684841479]

Critics of the tort reform movement dispute the claim that the current tort system has a significant impact on national or global economies. Fact|date=April 2008 The Economic Policy Institute wrote that the effect on the economy of job loss resulting from lawsuits is negligible:

In an April 2002 paper, the CEA (President Bush's Council of Economic Advisors) examined the economic impacts of the tort system in somewhat greater depth. But that paper, too, failed to demonstrate any employment effects of the tort system and made no prediction about the impact of tort law change. Even if we assume that asbestos liability legislation could somehow have prevented the loss of 2,500 jobs per year resulting from asbestos-related bankruptcies (by, for example, limiting compensation for non-economic damages to the victims or their survivors, or by denying awards of punitive damages), the effect on overall employment and the national unemployment rate in an economy with more than 130 million payroll jobs would have been imperceptible (a change of less than two-thousandths of 1%).

Critics of tort reform also contend that the real purpose of the proposed changes is to shield businesses, especially large corporations, from having to pay just compensation to consumers, patients and clients for the harm incurred from fraud, negligence, medical malpractice, product liability or other legitimate tort claims. [ [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Tort_reform "Tort Reform"] "Sourcewatch: Center for Justice and Democracy."]

Tort reform opponents argue that corporations and insurance companies are the worst abusers of the litigation system. Fact|date=April 2008 In particular, they contend, corporations often use their enormous resources to unfairly delay trial, pursue frivolous appeals, and contest claims in which liability is clear. Fact|date=April 2008 In response, a number of tort reform supporters argue that that criticism is not a reason to oppose tort reform; such abuse would be deterred by proposed tort reforms such as "loser pays," which would prevent large corporations from using litigation as a cudgel against individuals and small businesses who cannot afford to defend themselves in court by providing an incentive for law firms to provide contingent defense. Fact|date=April 2008 Opponents of tort reform contend that most private citizens would be afraid to sue wealthy corporations or insurers if they could be bankrupted by an award of the defendant's legal fees if they lost. Fact|date=April 2008 This would limit legitimate claims, and effectively deny many citizens a forum to redress the harm caused them.Fact|date=April 2008

pecific industry protections

In response to lawsuits filed against gun manufacturers by several municipalities, a bill was proposed by the U.S. Congress in 2005 that would provide immunity to gun manufacturers for most negligence and product liability actions (and prohibit the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives from revoking a dealer's license, even in cases where a dealer has been identified as selling a relatively high number of guns subsequently used in violent crimes). Fact|date=April 2008

Organizations such as the United States Conference of Mayors oppose gun manufacturer immunity legislation. [Ed Somers, " [http://www.usmayors.org/uscm/us_mayor_newspaper/documents/05_09_05/guns.asp Gun Immunity Considered by Congress] ," "U.S. Mayor Newspaper", The United States Conference of Mayors, May 9, 2005] Others have argued that the legislation took "away the right of victims to be able to have their day in court," that the bill gave unprecedented immunity to a single industry, and that the law was unconstitutional to the extent that it conflicted with the Separation of powers. [ [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051107/scheer1025 "Gun Industry Buys Bulletproof Political Protection"] "The Nation". 25 October 2006. Retrieved July 15 2006.]

Dispute over "litigation explosion" claims

Opponents of tort reform deny that there has been a "litigation explosion" or "liability crisis", and contend that the changes proposed by tort reform advocates are unjustified. Records maintained by the National Center for State Courts show that population-adjusted tort filings declined from 1992 to 2001. The average change in tort filings was a 15% decrease. [http://www.ncsconline.org/D_Research/csp/2003_Files/2003_Main_Page.html] The Bureau of Justice Statistics, a division of the Department of Justice (DOJ), found that the number of civil trials dropped by 47% between 1992 and 2001. [http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/ctcvlc01.htm] The DOJ also found that the median inflation-adjusted award in all tort cases dropped 56.3% between 1992 and 2001 to $28,000.

Tort reform advocates allege that these numbers are misleading. They claim that most liability costs come from pre-trial settlements, so the number of trials is irrelevant. Fact|date=April 2008 A study by Tillinghast/Towers Perrin claimed the cost of liability litigation outpaced the rate of inflation over the last half century, and represented 2.2% of GDP in 2004 vs. just 0.6% in 1950 and 1.3% in 1970. [http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3598225] . (It should be noted that [http://www.towersperrin.com/tp/jsp/masterbrand_html.jsp?webc=176/global/about/about.htm&selected=about Tillinghast/Towers Perrin] is an interested party in the politics of tort reform with its operations as a major consultant to the insurance industry and as an insurance company itself with its reinsurance business.) The Tillinghast/Towers Perrin study has been criticized as unverifiable (since TTP will not release its data or methodology) by the Economic Policy Institute, a progressive think tank: Fact|date=April 2008} "Although TTP's estimate is widely cited by journalists, politicians, and business lobbyists, it is impossible to know what the company is actually measuring in its calculation of tort costs, and impossible to verify its figures, because TTP will not share its data or its methodology, which it claims are 'proprietary.'"

Controversy over individual proposals

A number of proposals have been made by advocates of tort reform, although these proposals are not agreed on by all 'tort reformers' and are considered by many opponents a roll-back of the reforms of the twentieth century. Fact|date=April 2008 The collateral source rule, for example, dates back to 1854. [First promulgated in "The Propeller Monticello v. Mollison", 58 U.S. (17 How.) 152 (1854)]

Non-economic damages caps

Non-economic damages caps place limits on a jury's ability to award damages to victims for pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life as well as punitive damages. Fact|date=April 2008 The purpose of these reforms is to allow for fair compensation for victims while preventing excessive, emotionally-driven jury awards from bankrupting entire organizations and leading to job losses and cost increases for consumers. Fact|date=April 2008 Proposals to cap non-economic damages are one of the most frequently-proposed tort reforms, and have generated controversy over their fairness, efficacy, and constitutionality. Fact|date=April 2008 Critics complain that limitations on punitive damages and other restrictions on plaintiff's traditional rights will reduce corporate accountability. Fact|date=April 2008 Because corporations engage in a cost-benefit analysis before considering whether to stop a wrongful action (such as polluting or not enacting proper measures for safety), caps on damages may well encourage corporate malfeasance. Fact|date=April 2008 They contend that the prospect of paying a small damage award provides too little incentive to correct the wrongdoing, and would allow the corporation to profitably continue an unsafe practice. Fact|date=April 2008

For example, tort reform critics point to the [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/1977/09/dowie.html Ford Pinto Case] , where accountants determined that the expected payout in wrongful death suits would be less than making a design change to prevent the gas tanks from blowing up on minimum impact. The value of human life was not factored into the equation.Dubious|date=March 2008

Joint and several liability

Tort reformers have had the most legislative success in limiting the common law rule of joint and several liability, often replacing it with a rule of proportionate liability. Of the forty-six states that had a joint and several liability rule, thirty-three states have abolished or limited the rule. [http://www.atra.org/show/7345] Opponents of tort reform contend that the elimination of the rule would undercompensate people who had the misfortune to be hurt by more than one person, if at least one of the defendants does not have the financial means to pay his or her share of proportionate liability. Fact|date=April 2008

Erie Doctrine Issues

One significant issue with a federally initiated tort reform bill is Congress' inability to regulate state court procedural and substantive rules. The federal government's judicial rulemaking purview extends only towards federal courts, and as such, if Congress were to enact a tort reform measure, state courts would not be subject to the new rules (unless individual state legislatures chose to modify their own state court rules to mirror federal tort reform).

Tort reform in American politics

Political Issue

George W. Bush made tort reform a centerpiece of his successful run for Texas governor and of his second-term domestic policy agenda. In the 2004 presidential election, Democratic vice presidential nominee John Edwards, a successful trial attorney, was criticized by tort reform advocates for lawsuits that he brought against obstetricians on behalf of children who suffered severe birth injuries; reformers criticized the suits as relying on junk science, while Edwards denied the allegation. [http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=Politicsarchive200401POL20040120a.html]

Political Agenda

Republican Grover Norquist points out possible political motivations for tort reform, writing in "American Spectator" that "Modest tort reform, much of which has been actively considered by committees in both houses, would defund the trial lawyers, now second only to the unions, and this is debatable, as the funding source of the Left in America." Trial lawyers such as Frederick Baron are major fundraisers for the Democratic Party. [http://www.tpj.org/page_view.jsp?pageid=1100&pf=1] . The insurance industry, the main beneficiary of tort reform, is a major contributor to Republican and Democratic politicians. [http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.asp?ID=D000000065] .

Other political agendas

The debate over tort reform was not always a Democrats vs. Republicans or liberals vs. conservatives affair. In the 2000 presidential election, the Democrats' vice presidential nominee, Senator Joe Lieberman, was a leading supporter of tort reform; former New Republic and Slate editor Michael Kinsley have often criticized products liability law. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/26/AR2005082601489.html]

The United States Supreme Court sometimes weighs in on tort reform debates, but here too, the Justices do not always vote according to their predicted ideological stereotypes.Dubious|date=March 2008 In the seminal case of "BMW v. Gore" [" [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=U10178&friend=oyez BMW v. Gore] ", 517 U.S. 559 (1996)] , the Court voted 5-4 that the Constitution placed limits on punitive damages, with Justices Stephen Breyer and John Paul Stevens in the majority and Justices Antonin Scalia and Ruth Bader Ginsburg dissenting. It has been suggested that a Supreme Court under a Chief Justice John Roberts would be more likely to take cases that could resolve tort reform debates. [http://www.pointoflaw.com/archives/001338.php]

ee also

* "Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants" (the McDonald's coffee case)
* "Pearson v. Chung" (concerning $67m for a judge's trousers)
* Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
* Compensation culture
* Medical malpractice
* Health courts
* Private Securities Litigation Reform Act

Notes

Further reading

* Congressional Budget Office, [http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=4641&sequence=0&from=0#anchor "The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer"]
* American Tort Reform Association, [http://www.atrafoundation.org/tort_facts.html "Facts on Tort Reform"]
* Walter Olson, "Point of Law", [http://www.pointoflaw.com/procedure/overview.php "Procedure"]
* Walter Olson, "Point of Law", [http://www.pointoflaw.com/regulation/overview.php "Regulation Through Litigation"]
* Richard Epstein, "Wall Street Journal", 2005 22 August, [http://www.pointoflaw.com/columns/archives/001482.php "Rule of Law: Ambush In Angleton"]
* Jeff Milchen, 2004 27 October, [http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/corporate_accountability/corporate_junk_lawsuits.html "Beware of 'Junk Lawsuits' Hype"] (discusses corporate abuses of the American legal system)
* Public Citizen, 2004 Oct., [http://www.citizen.org/congress/civjus/tort/myths/articles.cfm?ID=12369 "Corporate Hypocrisy in Accessing the Courts"] (study asserting that corporations are the most frequent initiators of litigation in the U.S.A.)
* Rachel Weiss, [http://www.followthemoney.org/press/Reports/200603211.pdf Tort Laws on Trial: Lawsuit Liability Measures, 2004]
* Carl Deal and Joanne Doroshow, Center for Justice and Democracy, [http://www.centerjd.org/lib/cala.htm "The CALA Files"] (discusses funding of CALA)
* CorpReform.com, 2003 30 October, [http://www.corpreform.com/corpreform/2003/10/what_is_tort_re.html "What Is Tort Reform - and Why Is It Bad for the Public?"]
* Commonweal Institute, [http://www.commonwealinstitute.org/reports/tort/tortreport.html "The Attack on Trial Lawyers and Tort Law"] (examines use of front groups and funding sources for tort reform)
* Washington Post, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38184-2004Dec5.html "Advocacy Groups Blur Media Lines"] (article discussing U.S. Chamber of Commerce's use of newspaper to promote tort reform)
* Manhattan Institute Center for Legal Policy, [http://www.triallawyersinc.com/ "Trial Lawyers Inc."] (multiple reports on the economic and political power of the plaintiffs' bar)
* Walter Olson, [http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_amerspec-lawsuit_lobby.htm "The Lawsuit Lobby"] (discusses funding of tort reform opposition)
* Carl Geiger, [http://www.nfib.com/object/IO_1055.html testimony about Small Business Liability Reform Act before House Judiciary Committee]
* John D. Graham, "Product Liability and Motor Vehicle Safety" and Myron Mackey, "Liability, Safety, and Innovation in the Automobile Industry" in Peter W. Huber and Robert E. Litan, eds., "The Liability Maze: The Impact of Liability Law on Safety and Innovation". Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, ISBN 0-8157-3760-2
* Paul H. Rubin, "Wall Street Journal", 2005 8 October, [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB112873085838663424.html "Tort Reform Saves Lives"]
* Tillinghast/Towers Perrin [http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:p-hfeMrT0IoJ:www.towersperrin.com/tillinghast/pdf/response_0517.pdf+TILLINGHAST-TOWERS+PERRIN+%22Corrections+and+Clarifications%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 response to Economic Policy Institute]
* [http://www.epi.org/content.cfm/policy_ttp_response Economic Policy Institute response to response of Tillinghast/Towers Perrin]
* Warren Redlich, [http://www.wredlich.com/personalinjury.html Personal Injury reform - Gross Negligence Standard]

External links

* [http://www.data360.org/graph_group.aspx?Graph_Group_Id=268 Data regarding United States tort costs and civil trials from Data360]

;Pro-reform
* The American Tort Reform Association, a leading proponent of tort reform, http://www.atra.org.
* The AEI Liability Project, which researches the scope and consequences of the liability crisis, http://www.liabilityproject.org.
* The Manhattan Institute Center for Legal Policy, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/clp.htm.
* The American Justice Partnership, an umbrella tort reform organization, http://www.americanjusticepartnership.org.
* Illinois Civil Justice League, Restoring Fairness To Illinois' Civil Justice System, http://www.icjl.org.
* [http://www.tortreform.com Texans for Lawsuit Reform] , http://www.tortreform.com, is led by longtime tort reform advocate [http://www.dickweekley.com Dick Weekley] http://www.dickweekley.com

;Anti-reform
* Drum Major Institute for Public Policy http://www.drummajorinstitute.org/
* Tort Reform Organizations and the Far Right, http://www.commonwealinstitute.org/reports/tort/Section1.html
* Independent Justice, How Our Civil Justice System Protects Consumers and Patients in Ways the Regulatory System Does Not, http://www.allianceforjustice.org/independentjustice.pdf
* False Alarm, Washington Monthly, http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0410.mencimer.html
* Association of Trial Lawyers of America, http://www.atla.org.
* Center for Justice and Democracy, a leading opponent of tort reform, http://www.centerjd.org.
* Tort Reform, Corporate Style, http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2006_02/008175.php
* LawReader, http://www.lawreader.com/index.php/browse/node/2586.html
* Tort Deform, http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1995/03/mm0395_09.html