Belva Ann Lockwood

Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood (October 24, 1830 – May 19, 1917) was a United States attorney, politician, educator and author. She was active in working for women's rights, although the term feminist was not in use. The press of her day referred to her as a "suffragist," someone who believed in women's suffrage or voting rights. Lockwood overcame many social and personal obstacles related to gender restrictions. After college, she became a teacher and principal, working to equalize pay for women in education. [Margaret Bell, "Women of Spirit", "Boston Globe", 8 August 1922, p. 14] She supported the movement for world peace, and was a proponent of temperance.

Lockwood graduated from law school in Washington, D.C. and became one of the first female lawyers in the United States. In 1879, she successfully petitioned Congress to be allowed to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming the first woman attorney given this privilege. Lockwood ran for president in 1884 and 1888 on the ticket of the National Equal Rights Party and was the first woman to appear on official ballots.

Early life, marriage and education

She was born Belva Ann Bennett in Royalton, New York, daughter of Lewis Johnson Bennett, a farmer, and his wife Hannah Green Bennett. [Jill Norgren. "Belva Anne Bennett McNall Lockwood", "American National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2000 edition] By 14, she was already teaching at the local elementary school. ["Once Ran for President", "Boston Globe", 20 October 1907, p. SM 11] In 1848, when she was 18, she married Uriah McNall, a local farmer. [Kitty Parsons. "Who Was the First Woman to Run for the Presidency?", "Christian Science Monitor", 11 March 1964, p. 19]

McNall died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1853, three years after their daughter Lura was born. Left with no money, Lockwood quickly realized she needed a better education to support herself and her daughter. She attended Genesee Wesley Seminary to prepare for study at college. Her plan, as she explained to "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", was not well-received by many of her friends and colleagues; most women did not seek higher education, and it was especially unusual for a widow to do so. [Belva A. Lockwood. "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer", "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", February 1888, pp. 215-30] Nonetheless, she was determined and persuaded the administration at Genesee College in Lima, New York to admit her. (The college later became Syracuse University.)

Early career in education

Lockwood graduated with honors in 1857 and soon became the headmistress of Lockport Union School. [Jill Norgren. "Belva Anne Bennett McNall Lockwood", "American National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2000 edition] It was a responsible position, but Lockwood found that whether she was teaching or working as an administrator, she was paid half of what her male counterparts were making. [ Kitty Parsons. "Who Was the First Woman to Run for the Presidency?", "Christian Science Monitor", 11 March 1964, p. 19] (Later Lockwood worked for pay equity for women during her legal career.) It was during her studies at Genesee College that she first became attracted to the law, although the school had no law department. Since a local law professor was offering private classes, she became was one of his students. It made her want to learn more. [Belva A. Lockwood. "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer", "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", February 1888, pp. 215-30]

For the next few years, Lockwood continued to teach and also work as the principal at several local schools for young women. She stayed at Lockport until 1861, then became principal of the Gainesville Female Seminary; soon after, she was selected to head a girls' school in Oswego, New York. Her educational philosophy was gradually changing after she met women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony.

Lockwood agreed with many of Anthony's ideas about society's restrictions on women. Anthony was concerned about the limited education girls received. Courses at most girls' schools chiefly prepared female students for domestic life and possibly for temporary work as teachers. [Belva A. Lockwood. "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer", "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", February 1888, pp. 215-30] Anthony spoke about how young women ought to be given more options, including preparation for careers in the business world, where the pay was better. Lockwood was encouraged to make changes at her schools. She expanded the curriculum and added courses typical of those which young men took, such as public speaking, botany and gymnastics. [Jill Norgren. "Belva Anne Bennett McNall Lockwood", "American National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2000 edition] Lockwood gradually determined to study law rather than continue teaching, and also to leave upstate New York.

Washington, D.C., remarriage and the law

In February 1866, McNall and her daughter Lura moved to Washington D.C., as Lockwood believed it was the center of power in the United States and would provide good opportunities to advance in the legal profession. [Belva A. Lockwood. "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer", "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", February 1888, pp. 215-30] She opened a coeducational private school while exploring the study of law. In the mid-1860s, coeducation was unusual; most schools were separated by gender. [Jill Norgren. "Belva Anne Bennett McNall Lockwood", "American National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2000 edition]

In 1868, McNall remarried, this time to a man much older than she. Rev. Ezekiel Lockwood was an American Civil War veteran, Baptist minister and practicing dentist. They had a daughter Jessie, who died before her second birthday. They also reared Belva's daughter Lura from her first marriage. Rev. Lockwood had progressive ideas about women's roles in society. He supported his wife's desire to study and encouraged her to pursue subjects that interested her. [Kitty Parsons. "Who Was the First Woman to Run for the Presidency?", "Christian Science Monitor", 11 March 1964, p. 19]

As Belva Lockwood later told a reporter at the "Chicago Tribune", about 1870 she applied to the Columbian Law School in the District of Columbia. The trustees refused to admit her as they believed she would be a distraction to male students. ["Lawyers in Petticoats", "Chicago Tribune", 5 April 1890, p. 9] Lockwood finally was admitted to the new National University Law School (now the George Washington University Law School) along with several other women. Although she completed her coursework in May 1873, the law school was unwilling to grant a diploma to a woman.

Without a diploma, Lockwood could not gain admittance to the DC bar. After a year she wrote a letter to the President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, appealing to him as president "ex officio" of the National University Law School. She asked him for justice, stating she had passed all her courses and deserved to be awarded a diploma. [ [http://womenshalloffame.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=99 Belva Lockwood, "National Women's Hall of Fame - Women of the Hall"] , National Women's Hall of Fame, accessed 19 Jun 2008] In September 1873, within a week of having sent the letter, Lockwood received her diploma. She was 43 years old.

Lockwood was admitted to the DC bar, although several judges told her they had no confidence in her. This was a reaction she repeatedly had to overcome. [Belva A. Lockwood. "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer", "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", February 1888, pp. 215-30] When she tried to gain admission to the bar in Maryland, a judge lectured her and told her that God Himself had determined that women were not equal to men and never could be. When she tried to respond on her own behalf, he said she had no right to speak and had her removed from the courtroom. ["Notes", "Albany Law Journal", 9 Nov 1878, p.380]

In her struggle, Lockwood was going against both social practice and the limited legal standing of women. In 1873, married women did not have many legal rights. By English Common Law, Lockwood was considered a "feme covert" (English version of medieval Anglo-Norman legal term), that is, a married woman. Her status under the law was different from that of a woman who was single, as she was regarded as strictly subordinate to her husband. In many states, a married woman could not individually own or inherit property, nor did she have the right to make contracts or keep money earned unless her husband permitted it.(Morello, 17)Although Lockwood's husband encouraged her, judges used her married status to deny her access to the courts, including the bar of the US Supreme Court.

Nonetheless, Lockwood began to build a practice and won some cases. Even her detractors regarded her as competent. She became known as an advocate for women's issues; she spoke on behalf of an 1872 bill for equal pay for federal government employees. She was active in several women's suffrage organizations. She testified before Congress in support of legislation to give married women and widows more protection under the law. [Jill Norgren. "Belva Anne Bennett McNall Lockwood", "American National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2000 edition] [Kitty Parsons. "Who Was the First Woman to Run for the Presidency?", "Christian Science Monitor", 11 March 1964, p. 19]

Because her practice was limited in the 1870s due to social discrimination, Lockwood drafted an anti-discrimination bill to have the same access to the bar as male colleagues. From 1874 to 1879, she lobbied Congress to pass it. [Belva A. Lockwood. "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer", "Lippincott's Monthly Magazine", February 1888, pp. 215-30] In 1879, Congress finally passed the law, which was signed by President Rutherford B. Hayes. It allowed all qualified women attorneys to practice in any federal court. Lockwood was sworn in as the first woman member of the U.S. Supreme Court bar on March 3, 1879. Late in 1880, she became the first woman lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Ezekiel Lockwood did not live to see his wife's success, as he died in late April 1877.

In July 1879 Lockwood's daughter Lura McNall married DeForest Orme, a pharmacist.

Political career

Belva Lockwood was the first woman (or second, depending on one's opinion, after Victoria Woodhull) to run for President of the United States. Lockwood ran as the candidate of the National Equal Rights Party. She ran in the presidential elections of 1884 and 1888. Her running mates were Marietta L. Stow in 1884 and Charles Stuart Wells in 1888. Representing a third party without a broad base of support, Lockwood did not have a serious chance of winning the presidency. "Notable American Women" stated she received about 4,100 votes. [Edwin Louis Dey, "Before Shirley Chisholm", "Washington Post", 26 June, 1984, p. A12] Since women could not vote, and most newspapers were opposed to her candidacy, it was unusual that she received any votes. In an 1884 article, the "Atlanta Constitution" referred to her as "old lady Lockwood" and warned male readers of the dangers of "petticoat rule". ["Is it A Revolution?", the "Atlanta Constitution", 9 September 1884, p.4]

On January 12, 1885, Lockwood petitioned the United States Congress to have her votes counted. She told newspapers and magazines that she had evidence of voter fraud. She asserted that supporters had seen their ballots ripped up and that she had "received one-half the electoral vote of Oregon, and a large vote in Pennsylvania, but the votes in the latter state were not counted, simply dumped into the waste basket as false votes." [Belva A. Lockwood, "How I Ran for the Presidency", "National Magazine", March 1903, pp. 728 and 733]

Later years

Lockwood was a well-respected writer, who frequently wrote essays about women's suffrage and the need for legal equality for women. Among the publications in which she appeared in the 1880s and 1890s were "Cosmopolitan" (then a journal of current issues), the "American Magazine of Civics", "Harper's Weekly", and "Lippincott's". In addition to being active in the National American Woman Suffrage Association and the Equal Rights Party, Lockwood participated in the National Women's Press Association. The organization for women journalists also advocated for equal rights for women.

Lockwood believed strongly in working for world peace. She co-edited a journal called "The Peacemaker", and she belonged to the Universal Peace Union; she was one of its representatives at an exposition held in Paris in 1889. She was also a delegate to an International Peace Congress in London in 1890. ["Belva Lockwood is 86", "Washington Post", 25 October 1916, p. 5] She continued to speak on behalf of peace and disarmament to the year of her death. She was likely disappointed as the United States prepared to enter the war in Europe.. [Margaret Bell, "Women of Spirit", "Boston Globe", 8 August 1922, p. 14]

Belva Lockwood had a 43-year career as a lawyer. ["Belva Lockwood, Lawyer, Dies at 86", "New York Times", 20 May 1917, p.23] She died on 19 May 1917 and was buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Honors

Syracuse University awarded Lockwood an honorary doctorate in law in 1908.

The communities of Belva, West Virginia; Lockwood, California; Lockwood, West Virginia; and the hamlet of Lockwood, New York were named in her honor. As Lockwood gained renown, mothers named their girl children after her.

At least three figureheads were carved in her likeness: for the ships "Martha", "Julia Lawrence", and an unnamed ship that has a full-length masthead. One of the figureheads is displayed in the museum at Mystic Seaport in Mystic, Connecticut. "With raised chin she gazes straight ahead as if her attention were fixed on the distant horizon." [cite book
title=Early American Wood Carving
author=Erwin O. Christensen
year=1972
publisher=Courier Dover Publications
isbn=0486218406
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wg8_FJFX25UC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=belva+lockwood+ship+figurehead&source=web&ots=kkh52cg6Ps&sig=PxKyNd_3rcHcVVfPr2VrDVla0sY&hl=en]

During World War II, a merchant marine ship, the Liberty Ship USS "Belva Lockwood", was named after her.

The National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., has a portrait of Lockwood depicted in 1908, when she received an honorary doctorate in law from Syracuse University. [ [http://www.npg.si.edu/cexh/nwomen/lockwood2.htm Belva Lockwood] , National Portrait Gallery]

In 1983 Lockwood was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. The statement about her noted:

"Using her knowledge of the law, she worked to secure woman suffrage, property law reforms, equal pay for equal work, and world peace. Thriving on publicity and partisanship, and encouraging other women to pursue legal careers, Lockwood helped to open the legal profession to women."

[ [http://womenshalloffame.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=99 Belva Lockwood, "National Women's Hall of Fame - Women of the Hall"] , National Women's Hall of Fame, accessed 19 Jun 2008]

In 1986 a U.S. postage stamp was issued in Lockwood's honor.

Citations

Other references

*Cook, Frances A. [http://www.stanford.edu/group/WLHP/papers/lockwood.htm "Belva Ann Lockwood: for Peace, Justice, and President"] (1997) "Women's Legal History Biography Project", Robert Crown Law Library, Stanford Law School.
*Kerr, Laura. "The Girl Who Ran for President". Thomas Nelson, 1947.
*Norgren, Jill. [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/spring/belva-lockwood-1.html "Belva Lockwood, Blazing the Trail for Women in Law"] . "Prologue Magazine". Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1.
*Norgren, Jill. [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/spring/belva-lockwood-1.html "Belva Lockwood, Blazing the Trail for Women in Law, Part 2"] . "Prologue Magazine". Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1.
*Norgren, Jill. "Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President". New York: New York University Press, 2007.

External links

* [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21041.htm Belva Ann Lockwood Collection, 1830-1917] , New York State Library and Archives
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG051-099/DG098BLockwood.html Belva Ann Lockwood Papers 1878-1917, 1984, 1986, 1992] , Swarthmore College
*Belva Lockwood alumnae records and other material [http://archives.syr.edu/archives/collections/alumni/lockwood_bio.html] , Syracuse University Archives