Aerobic treatment system

Aerobic treatment system

An aerobic treatment system or ATS, often called (incorrectly) an aerobic septic system is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank system, but which uses an aerobic process for digestion rather than just the anaerobic process used in septic systems. These systems are commonly found in rural areas where public sewers are not available, and may be used for a single residence or for a small group of homes.

Unlike the traditional septic system, the aerobic treatment system produces a high quality secondary effluent, which can be sterilized and used for surface irrigation. This allows much greater flexibility in the placement of the leach field, as well as cutting the required size of the leach field by as much as half.cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/625r00008/html/625R00008.htm |title=Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual (EPA/625/R-00/008) |date=February 2002 |author=Office of Water, Office of Research and Development |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

Process

The ATS process generally consists of the following phases:

*Pre-treatment stage to remove large solids and other undesirable substances from the wastewater; this stage acts much like a septic system, and an ATS may be added to an existing septic tank to further process the primary effluent.
*Aeration stage, where the aerobic bacteria digest the biological wastes in the wastewater.
*Settling stage to allow any undigested solids to settle. This forms a sludge which must be periodically removed from the system.
*Disinfecting stage, where chlorine or similar disinfectant is mixed with the water, to produce an antiseptic output.

The disinfecting stage is optional, and is used where a sterile effluent is required, such as cases where the effluent is distributed above ground. The disinfectant typically used is tablets of calcium hypochlorite, which are specially made for waste treatment systems. Unlike the chlorine tablets used in swimming pools, which is stabilized for resistance to breakdown in ultraviolet light, the tablets used in waste treatment systems is intended to break down quickly in sunlight. Stabilized forms of chlorine will persist after the effluent is dispersed, and can kill off plants in the leach field [ [http://www.inspect-ny.com/septic/aerobicchlorine2.htm ATS chlorine tablets] ] .

Since the ATS contains a living ecosystem of microbes to digest the waste products in the water, excessive amounts of items such as bleach or antibiotics can damage the ATS environment and reduce treatment effectiveness. Non-digestible items should also be avoided, as they will build up in the system and require more frequent sludge removal. [ [http://www.hootsystems.com/homeowners/itemstoavoid.html Items to Avoid] , Hoot Aerobic Systems]

Types of aerobic treatment systems

Small scale aerobic systems generally use one of two designs, fixed-film systems, or continuous flow, suspended growth aerobic systems (CFSGAS). The pre-treatment and effluent handling are similar for both types of systems, and the difference lies in the aeration stage.

Fixed film systems

Fixed film systems use a porous medium which provides a bed to support the biomass film that digests the waste material in the wastewater. Designs for fixed film systems vary widely, but fall into two basic categories (though some systems may combine both methods). The first is a system where the media is moved relative to the wastewater, alternately immersing the film and exposing it to air, while the second uses a stationary media, and varies the wastewater flow so the film is alternately submerged and exposed to air. In both cases, the biomass must be exposed to both wastewater and air for the aerobic digestion to occur. The film itself may be made of any suitable porous material, such as formed plastic or peat moss. Simple systems use stationary media, and rely on intermittent, gravity driven wastewater flow to provide periodic exposure to air and wastewater. A common moving media system is the rotating biological contactor (RBC), which uses disks rotating slowly on a horizontal shaft. Approximately 40 percent of the disks are submerged at any given time, and the shaft rotates at a rate of one or two revolutions per minute.

Continuous flow, suspended growth aerobic systems

CFSGAS systems, as the name imply, are designed to handle continuous flow, and do not provide a bed for a bacterial film, relying rather on bacteria suspended in the wastewater. The suspension and aeration are typically provided by an air pump, which pumps air through the aeration chamber, providing a constant stirring of the wastewater in addition to the oxygenation. A medium to promote fixed film bacterial growth may be added to some systems designed to handle higher than normal levels of biomass in the wastewater.

Comparison to traditional septic systems

The aeration stage and the disinfecting stage are the primary differences from a traditional septic system; in fact, an aerobic treatment system can be used as a secondary treatment for septic tank effluent. These stages increase the initial cost of the aerobic system, and also the maintenance requirements over the passive septic system. Unlike many other biofilters, aerobic treatment systems require a constant supply of electricity to drive the air pump increasing overall system costs. The disinfectant tablets must be periodically repalced, as well as the electrical components (air compressor) and mechanical components (air diffusers). On the positive side, an aerobic system produces a higher quality effluent than a septic tank, and thus the leach field can be smaller than that of a conventional septic system, and the output can be discharged in areas too environmentally sensitive for septic system output. Some aerobic systems recycle the effluent through a sprinkler system, using it to water the lawn where regulations approve.

Effluent quality

Since the effluent from an ATS is often discharged onto the surface of the leach field, the quality is very important. A typical ATS will, when operating correctly, produce an effluent with less than 30 mg/liter biochemical oxygen demand, 25 mg/liter total suspended solids, and 10,000 cfu/mL fecal coliform bacteria. This is clean enough that it cannot support a biomat or "slime" layer like a septic tank. [cite web |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/DD7667.html |title=Aerobic Treatment Unit |author=David M. Gustafson, James L. Anderson, Sara Heger Christopherson |publisher=University of Minnesota Extension]

ATS effluent is relatively odorless; a properly operating system will produce effluent that smells musty, but not like sewage. Aerobic treatment is so effective at reducing odors, that it is the preferred method for reducing odor from manure produced by farms. [cite web |url=http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/envqual/wq0403.htm |title=Sewage Treatment Plants for Rural Homes |author=Charles D. Fulhage and Donald L. Pfost |publisher=University of Missouri Extension] [cite web |url=http://www.hootsystems.com/homeowners/pdffolder/lahomeownersman.pdf |title=LA-Hoot Homeowner’s Manual] [cite web |url=http://www.bbe.umn.edu/extens/faq/aerobicfaq.html
title=Frequently Asked Questions about Aerobic Treatment |author=José R. Bicudo |publisher=University of Minnesota Extension
]

References

External links

* [http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/envqual/wq0403.htm Sewage Treatment Plants for Rural Homes] at University of Missouri Extension
* [http://www.cet.nau.edu/Projects/WDP/resources/treatmentsyst/ATU.htm Aerobic Treatment Units] at Northern Arizona University
* [http://www.solarair.net/tank%20satxn.htm Diagram of SolarAir SATXN-500] 500 gallon per day ATS
* [http://www.hootsystems.com/systems/helpmechoose.html Diagrams of Hoot Aerobic Systems] different ATS models
* [http://www.norweco.com/wiki/ATS.htm Features of Aerobic Treatment Systems] Norweco's ATS models


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