John William Draper

Infobox Scientist
name = John William Draper
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caption = John William Draper
birth_date = May 5, 1811
birth_place = St. Helens, Merseyside, England
death_date = January 4, 1882
death_place = Hastings-on-Hudson, New York
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nationality = American
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known_for = photochemistry
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John William Draper (May 5, 1811, – January 4, 1882) was an American (English-born) scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian, and photographer.

Early life

John William Draper was born May 5, 1811 in St. Helens, Merseyside, England to John Christopher Draper, a Wesleyan clergyman and Sarah (Ripley) Draper. He also had three sisters, Dorothy Catherine, Elizabeth Johnson, and Sarah Ripley. On June 23, he was baptized by the Wesleyan minister Jabez Bunting. His father often needed to move the family due to serving various congregations throughout England. John William was home tutored until 1822, when he entered Woodhouse Grove School. He returned to home instruction (1826) prior to entering University College London in 1829. [Fleming, Donald. John William Draper and the Religion of Science. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.]

On September 13, 1831, John William married Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner (c.1814-1870), the daughter of Daniel Gardner, a court physician to John VI of Portugal and Charlotte of Spain. Antonia was born in Brazil after the royal family fled Portugal with Napoleon's invasion. There is dispute as to the identity of Antonia's mother. Around 1830, she was sent with her brother Daniel to live with their aunt in London. [Ibid., p. 7-8.]

Following his father's death in July, 1831, John William's mother was urged to move with her children to Virginia. John William hoped to acquire a teaching position at a local Methodist college. [Ibid., p. 8.]

Virginia

In 1832, the family settled in Mecklenburg County, Virginia 7 1/2 miles (12 km) east (on Virginia State Route 47) from Christiansville (now Chase City). Although he arrived too late to obtain the prospective teaching position, John William established a laboratory in Christiansville. Here he conducted experiments and published eight papers before entering medical school. His sister, Dorothy Catherine Draper provided finances through teaching drawing and painting for his medical education. In March 1836, he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. That same year, he began teaching at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia. [Ibid., p.9-13]

New York

In 1837, he took an appointment at New York University; he was elected professor of chemistry and botany the next year. He was a professor in its school of medicine from 1840 to 1850, president of that school from 1850 to 1873, and professor of chemistry until 1881. He was a founder of the New York University Medical School.

Work

He did important research in photochemistry, made portrait photography possible by his improvements (1839) on Louis Daguerre's process, and published a textbook on Chemistry (1846), textbook on Natural Philosophy (1847), textbook on Physiology (1866), and Scientific Memoirs (1878) on radiant energy. He was also the first person to take an astrophotograph; he took the first photo of the Moon which showed any lunar features in 1840. Then in 1843 he made daguerreotypes which showed new features on the moon in the visible spectrum. In 1850 he was making photo-micrographs and engaged his then teenage son, Henry, into their production.

He developed the proposition in 1842 that only light rays that are absorbed can produce chemical change. It came to be known as the Grotthuss-Draper law when his name was teamed with a prior but apparently unknown promulgator Theodor Grotthuss of the same idea in 1817.

Contributions to the discipline of history: He is well known also as the author of "The History of the Intellectual Development of Europe" (1862), applying the methods of physical science to history, a "History of the American Civil War" (3 vols., 1867-1870), and a "History of the Conflict between Religion and Science" (1874). The last book listed is among the most influential works on the conflict thesis, which takes its name from Draper's title.

He served as the first president of the American Chemical Society between 1876 and 1877. [ [http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html?DOC=siteinfo/presidents.html ACS Presidents] , accessed October 22, 2006]

Children

*John Christopher Draper, 1835-1885
*Henry Draper, 1837-1882
*Virginia Draper Maury, 1839-1885
*Daniel Draper, 1841-1931
*William Draper, 1845-1853
*Antonia Draper Dixon, 1849-1923

Death

He died on January 4, 1882 at his home in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York at the age of 70. [New York Times, January 5, 1882.] The funeral was held at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York. [New York Times, January 11, 1882.]

Legacy

In 1976, New York University founded the John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought (Draper Program) [http://draper.fas.nyu.edu/page/home] in honour of his life-long commitment to interdisciplinary study.

In 2001, Draper was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of his role as the first president of American Chemical Society. [http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/draper/index.html]

References

Bibliography

* Barker, George Frederick. [http://books.google.com/books?id=5CrCQwJ2su8C&dq=Memoir+of+John+William+Draper:[phone]&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Memoir of John William Draper: 1811-1882.] Washington, D.C., 1886.
* Fleming, Donald. John William Draper and the Religion of Science. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950.
* Miller, Lillian B., Frederick Voss, and Jeannette M. Hussey. The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972.

Draper's Publications

* [http://books.google.com/books?id=kaAEAAAAYAAJ Elements of Chemistry, Including the Most Recent Discoveries and Applications of the Science to Medicine and Pharmacy, and to the Arts.] by Robert Kane and John William Draper. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1842.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=IoAR-SpiFGQC&dq=john+william+draper&as_brr=1 History of the American Civil War.] New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867-70.
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1185 History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science.] New York: D. Appleton, 1874.
* [http://www.h-net.org/~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/D/draper/draptoc.htm History of the Intellectual Development of Europe.] New York: Harper & Brothers, 1864., [http://books.google.com/books?id=UV8IWjgndLsC&vq=History+of+the+Intellectual+Development+of+Europe&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 1900 edition, v.1] , [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z5L9oif1f64C&dq=History+of+the+Intellectual+Development+of+Europe&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 v.2]
* Human Physiology, Statistical and Dynamical; or, the Conditions and Course of the Life of Man. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1856.
* Life of Franklin, Edited by Ronald S. Wilkinson. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=g04egMNUUo0C&dq=draper,+john+william&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Science in America: Inaugural address of Dr. John W. Draper, as president of the American Chemical Society] New York: J.F. Trow & Son, Printers, 1876.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=IDMAAAAAQAAJ&dq=draper,+john+william&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Scientific Memoirs; Being Experimental Contributions to a Knowledge of Radiant Energy.] New York: Harper & Brothers, 1878.
* Text-Book on Chemistry. For the Use of Schools and Colleges. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851., [http://books.google.com/books?id=HKwS7QDh5eMC&dq=draper,+john+william&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 1861 edition]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=GgQ5AAAAMAAJ&dq=draper,+john+william&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Text-Book on Natural Philosophy.] New York: Harper & Brothers, 1847.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=aGkSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9&dq=draper,+john+william#PPR1,M1 Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of America.] 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867.
* Treatise on the Forces Which Produce the Organization of Plants. With an Appendix Containing Several Memoirs on Capillary Attraction, Electricity, and the Chemical Action of Light. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1844.

External links

* [http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8121.htm Draper Family Collection, ca. 1826-1936] at the National Museum of American History
* [http://dlib.nyu.edu/eadapp/transform?source=archives/draperfamily.xml&style=archives/archives.xsl Draper Family Collection, 1836-1982] at the New York University Archives
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* [http://www.harpers.org/subjects/JohnWilliamDraper Harper's Magazine articles by John William Draper]
* [http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/draper/renaissance.html Renaissance man] at the ACS National Historical Chemical Landmarks
* [http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/draper.htm Dorothy Catherine Draper, taken by John W. Draper]
* [http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/med.htm NYU First Medical Faculty, 1841] J.W. Draper lower right corner
* [http://draper.fas.nyu.edu/page/home New York University John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought (Draper Program)]
* [http://www.drapersociety.org Draper Society (NYU Club)]