California Quail

Taxobox
name = California Quail
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1


image_width = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Galliformes
familia = Odontophoridae
genus = "Callipepla"
species = "C. californica"
binomial = "Callipepla californica"
binomial_authority = (Shaw, 1798)

The California Quail, "Callipepla californica", also known as the California Valley Quail or Valley Quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. It is the state bird of California.

These birds have a curving crest or "plume," made of 6 feathers, that droops forward - black in males and brown for females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly. Their closest relative is Gambel's Quail which has a more southernly distribution and, a longer crest, brighter head and a scalier appearance. The two species separated about 1-2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene (Zink & Blackwell, 1998).

The California Quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys", and one of the daily communal activities is the taking of dust baths. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some 1-2 inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths, and an ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some 7-15 cm (3-6 in.) in diameter.

They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, New Zealand, and to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.

These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. If startled, these birds explode into short fast flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally make their escape on foot.

Their breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western North America. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation located on the ground under a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately twelve eggs. Once they are hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.

They have a variety of vocalizations including the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips." During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling.

References

* [http://www.americanbirdguide.com American Bird Guide] (2005): [http://www.americanbirdguide.com/quail.shtml California Quail] by Retrieved 2006-SEP-26.

* Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

* Calkins, Jennifer D., Hagelin, Julie C., & Lott, Dale F. (1999) " The California Quail (Callipepla californica)". In The Birds of North America, No. 473 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/California_Quail.html#map]

* Leopold, A. Starker (1985): "The California Quail". University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 0-520-05456-3

* Zink, Robert M. & Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998): Molecular systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus "Callipepla"). "Auk" 115(2): 394-403. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v115n02/p0394-p0403.pdf PDF fulltext]

External links

* [http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/www/PopData/Quail/Quail.html California Quail research] at UC Davis
* [http://members.aol.com/wnscoggins/drquail.html The California Quail] by Dave Riensche
* [http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species_photos/california_quail.htm California Quail Photographs] South Dakota Birds and Birding
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=966 California Quail videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.qu.org California Quail conservation]
* [http://www.friendsofedgewood.org/newsletters/2002/0209/quail.htm California Quail] Newsletter of the Friends of Edgewood Natural Preserve in San Mateo County, California, September 2002