Kilauea Iki

Kīlauea Iki is a collapse crater which is next to the main summit caldera of Kīlauea.

Kilauea volcano eruption

In August 1959, a swarm of deep earthquakes was detected by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. In October it was indicated by seismographs that the summit of Kīlauea was filling with new magma. Between September and November over 1,000 earthquakes were detected. On November 14, the activity increased as magma made its way to the surface and erupted at 8:08 p.m. local time. A fissure opened up through the south wall of Kīlauea Iki and began to fill up the crater with a lava lake. A lava fountain was spewing lava 60-80 meters by November 17. This formed a new cinder cone, named Puokinau Puaokinai (gushing hill).

Lava fountain

Some of the most impressive parts of the eruption were the lava fountains that flowed from Puokinau Puaokinai. By November 17, the fountain was reaching 60-80 meters tall with occasional bursts as high as 180 meters. The fountain grew to over 320 meters on November 18. On November 21, the lava lake was over a meter deep over the vent causing ripples across the surface of the lava lake causing lava on the shores to break like waves on a beach. At 7:25 p.m. local time on November 21, the fountain went from 210 meters tall to a few gas bubbles in less than 40 seconds. Some of the fountains were extraordinarily high, reaching nearly 580 m (1,900 ft), among the highest ever recorded. [ [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/LavaFountain.html Volcano Glossary: Lava Fountain] ]

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Lava drainback

the first episode had 31 million cubic meters of lava flow into Kīlauea Iki with 1 million cubic meters draining back. During the following episodes, a total of 71 million cubic meters of lava was ejected during a month long eruption that stopped on December 20, 1959. Only 8 million cubic meters of lava remained, 63 million cubic meters of lava drained back into Kīlauea magma reservoir. Often the lava drainback had a higher rate of flow than the eruptions.

Facts

* On December 15, the highest flow of lava was measured at 1.45 million cubic meters per hour.
* With every filling and draining of the lava lake, a 'black ledge' was formed along the rim of the crater which is now 15-60 meters wide and 15 meters tall.
* During lava drainbacks, a giant counter-clockwise whirlpool would form.

Tourism

Drivers may view Kīlauea Iki from either a lookout point or the trailhead parking lot. Currently guests can hike across Kīlauea Iki from Byron Ledge which over looks the crater as well as walking along the crater floor on what once was a lake of lava. Even after almost 50 years, the surface is still warm to the touch. Rainwater seeps into the cracks and makes contact with the extremely hot rock below and steam is emitted from various surface cracks. The steam and some rocks are hot enough to cause serious burns.

References

* [http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/history/1959Nov14/ Summit Eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, in Kīlauea Iki Crater]