Edwin B. Hart

Edwin B. Hart (1874-1953) was an American biochemist.

A native of Michigan, Hart studied physiological chemistry under Albrecht Kossel (1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) in Germany, and also studied at the University of Marzburg and University of Heidelberg. Upon his return to the United States, he worked at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (Part of Cornell University) in Geneva, New York and then the University of Michigan before being hired by Stephen M. Babcock in 1906 to conduct what would later be known as the "single-grain experiment" that would run from May 1907 to 1911. This experiment would entail a long-term feeding plan using a chemically-balanced diet of carbohydrates, fat, and protein instead of single plant rations as done in Babcock's earlier experiments of 1881 and 1901.

Hart directed the experiment, Babcock provided ideas, and George C. Humphrey oversaw the welfare of the cows during the experiment. Edwin V. McCollum, an organic chemist from Connecticut, was hired by Hart to analyze the grain rations and the cow feces. The experiment called for four groups of four heifer calves each during which three groups were raised and two pregnancies were carried through during the experiment. The first group ate only wheat, the second group ate only bran, the third group ate only corn, and the last group ate a mixture of the other three.

In 1908, it was shown that the corn-fed animals were the most healthy of the group while the wheat-fed groups were the least healthy. All four groups bred during that year with the corn-fed calves being the healthiest while the wheat and mixed-fed calves were stillborn or later died. Similar results were found in 1909. In 1910, the corn-fed cows had their diets switched to wheat and the non-corn-fed cows were fed wheat. This produced unhealthy calves for the formerly corn-fed cows while the remaining cows produced healthy calves. When the 1909 formulas were reintroduced to the respective cows in 1911, the same gestation results in 1909 occurred again in 1911. These results were published in 1911. Similar results had been done in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1901, in Poland in 1910, and in England in 1906 (though the English results were not published until 1912).

Hart later went on to his career to determine that a possible cause of Goitre was iodine deficiency in 1917 with Harry Steenbock. In 1939, Hart and his associates developed a process that stablized iodine in table salt which proved inexpensive and effective in dealing with goiter. He also determined that copper facilitates iron assimilation into the body, leading to a possible therapeutic agent to fight anemia, although its use has never been implemented in medical practice.

Hart died in 1953. The Institute of Food Technologists would later rename the Stephen M. Babcock Award (created in 1948) into the Babcock-Hart Award in honor of both men's work in improving public health through better nutrition.

References

* [http://legistar.cityofmadison.com/attachments/4687.pdf Petition from Madison, Wisconsin to National Park Service for University of Wisconsin-Madison Dairy Barn to be named a National Landmark. pp.21-25.]
* [http://members.ift.org/IFT/Awards/AchievmentAwards/AwardWinners/pastawardwinners.htm IFT Babcock-Hart Award winners]
* [http://www.careerchem.com/GENEALOGIES/TREES/KosselA.pdf Career path of Albrecht Kossel]
* [http://www2.biotech.wisc.edu/alliance/plaques/2b.php?firstname1=Harry%20S.&lastname1=Steenbock University of Wisconsin-Madison plaque commemorating Hart and Harry Steenbock on their iodine-goiter discovery]
* [http://www.warf.org/about/index.jsp?cid=26&scid=34 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation contribution]