Raynaud's disease

Raynaud's disease

Infobox Disease
Name = Raynaud's disease
ICD10 = ICD10|I|73|0|i|70
ICD9 = ICD9|443.0
DiseasesDB = 11186
OMIM = 179600
eMedicineSubj = med
eMedicineTopic = 1993
MedlinePlus = 000412
MeshName = Raynaud
MeshNumber = C14.907.744

Raynaud's disease (RAY-noz) is a vascular disorder [DorlandsDict|nine/000956360|Raynaud disease] that affects blood flow to the extremities which include the fingers, toes, nose and ears when exposed to temperature changes or stress. It was named after Maurice Raynaud (1834 - 1881), [WhoNamedIt|synd|2958|Raynaud's disease] a French physician who first described it in 1862. [cite journal |author=Raynaud AGM. |title=De l'asphyxie locale et de la gangrène symétrique des extrémités |journal=Academic thesis, Paris, Rignoux |date=1862]

ymptoms

The symptoms include several cyclic color changes:

# When exposed to cold temperatures, the blood supply to the fingertips, toes, nose, and earlobes of Raynaud's disease patients is reduced and the skin turns pale or white (called pallor) and becomes cold and numb.
# When the oxygen supply is depleted, the skin colour turns blue (called cyanosis).
# These events are episodic and when the episode subsides, or the area is warmed, blood returns to the area and the skin colour turns red (rubor) and then back to normal, often accompanied by swelling and tingling. These symptoms are thought to be due to reactive hyperemias of the areas deprived of blood flow.All three colour changes are present in classic Raynaud's disease. However, some patients do not see all of the colour changes in all outbreaks of this condition.

Disease vs. phenomenon

It is important to distinguish "Raynaud's disease" from Raynaud's phenomenon. In order to diagnose these two forms of Raynaud, your doctor may look for signs of arthritis or vasculitis and conduct a number of laboratory tests.

Primary Raynaud's (disease)

Raynaud's disease (or "Primary Raynaud's") is diagnosed if the symptoms occur only by themselves and are not accompanied by other diseases. Primary Raynaud's often develops in young women in their teens and young adulthood. This form of Raynaud's is thought to be at least partly hereditary, although specific genes have not yet been identified. Some refer to Primary Raynaud's disease as being allergic to the cold.cite journal |author=Pistorius MA, Planchon B, Schott JJ, Lemarec H |title= [Heredity and genetic aspects of Raynaud's disease] |language=French |journal=J Mal Vasc |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=10–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16609626 |doi= |url=http://www.masson.fr/masson/MDOI-JMV-01-2006-31-1-0398-0499-101019-200517601]

econdary Raynaud's (phenomenon)

Raynaud's phenomenon (or "Secondary Raynaud's") occurs secondary to many different causes:

* The most common causes are connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis/CREST syndrome, arthritis and many others.

* Other disorders that can be causes include carpal tunnel syndrome and obstructive arterial disease.

* Medications that can be causes include beta-blockers and ergotamine.

In contrast to the "disease" form, this form of Raynaud can progress to necrosis or gangrene of the fingertips.

Patients with secondary RP can also have symptoms related to their underlying diseases. RP is the initial symptom of 70% of patients with scleroderma, a skin and joint disease. Other rheumatic diseases frequently associated with RP include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome. For further information, please read the Scleroderma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Rheumatoid Arthritis articles.

Prevention

Patients with Raynaud's disease are advised to keep warm by wearing gloves and socks. They should also avoid stress, medicines that can constrict blood vessels such as decongestants and touching cold objects. Patients are also advised to avoid foods and activities that may constrict blood vessels such as drinking caffeinated drinks and smoking. Avoiding artificially cold environments, such as refrigerated or highly air conditioned spaces, can also help prevent episodes from occurring.

Pathophysiology

Raynaud disease is an exaggeration of vasomotor responses to cold or emotional stress. More specifically, it is a hyperactivation of the sympathetic system causing extreme vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, leading to tissue hypoxia. Chronic, recurrent cases of Raynaud phenomenon can result in atrophy of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle. It can also rarely cause ulceration and ischemic gangrene.cite book|title= Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Desease|last= Kumar|first= Vinay|coauthors= Nelso Fausto, Abul Abbas|year= 2004|publisher= Saunders|isbn= 0721601871|pages=542 ]

Treatment

The severity of the disease runs from mild to severe. In people with mild cases, this may be simply an annoyance. Heatbands and hand warmers may be used on the wrists to warm the blood flowing to the hands. More serious cases require medical intervention due to the risks of gangrene and possible digital amputation. Microvascular surgery of the affected areas is a possible therapy.

Treatment for Raynaud's disease may include prescription medicines that dilate blood vessels, such as calcium channel blockers (nifedipine). Mild cases of Raynaud's can be addressed by biofeedback or a technique to help control involuntary body functions such as skin temperature. In severe cases, a sympathectomy procedure can be performed. Here, the nerves that signal the blood vessels of the fingertips to constrict are surgically cut.

Footnotes

ee also

*Raynaud's phenomenon
*CREST syndrome
*Vasospasm

External links

* [http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/raynauds_disease.jsp Raynaud's Disease] at healthatoz.com
* [http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/raynaud/ray_what.html What Is Raynaud's Disease] at National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00433 Raynaud's Disease] at Mayo Clinic
* [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/raynaud/ar125fs.htm Raynaud's Phenomenon] at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

*YouTube|gHYskEqj8Tc|Raynaud's Disease
*YouTube|5b7_DZOxHzc
*YouTube|nRtNY6x1LAY|Raynaud's Phenomenon


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Raynaud's disease — Ray·naud s disease rā nōz n a vascular disorder that is marked by recurrent spasm of the capillaries and esp. those of the fingers and toes upon exposure to cold, that is characterized by pallor, cyanosis, and redness in succession usu.… …   Medical dictionary

  • Raynaud's disease — n. Raynaud s syndrome, vascular disease (named after Maurice Raynaud) that causes numbness and cyanosis of the fingers and toes (caused by exposure to cold) …   English contemporary dictionary

  • Raynaud's disease — [ reɪnəʊ] (also Raynaud s syndrome) noun a disease characterized by whiteness, numbness, or pain in the fingers, typically brought on by constant cold or vibration. Origin C19: named after the French physician Maurice Raynaud …   English new terms dictionary

  • Raynaud's disease — Ray•naud s′ disease [[t]reɪˈnoʊz[/t]] n. pat a vascular disorder characterized by blanching and numbness of the fingers or toes upon exposure to cold or stress • Etymology: 1880–85; after Maurice Raynaud (1834–81), French physician, who described …   From formal English to slang

  • Raynaud's disease — a condition of unknown cause in which the arteries of the fingers are unduly reactive and enter spasm (angiospasm or vasospasm) when the hands are cold. This produces attacks of pallor, numbness, and discomfort in the fingers. A similar condition …   The new mediacal dictionary

  • Raynaud's disease — /ray nohz /, Pathol. a vascular disorder of unknown cause, characterized by recurrent episodes of blanching and numbness of the fingers and toes and sometimes the tip of the nose and ears, usually triggered by stress or exposure to cold. [1880… …   Universalium

  • Raynaud's disease — /ˈreɪnoʊz dəziz/ (say raynohz duhzeez) noun a syndrome characterised by pallor and cyanosis of the digits, usually precipitated by cold, with subsequent engorgement and pain. {named after Maurice Raynaud, 1834–81, French physician} …  

  • raynaud's disease — (ˈ)rā|nōz noun Usage: usually capitalized R Etymology: after Maurice Raynaud died 1881 French physician : a vascular disorder marked by recurrent spasm of the capillaries and especially those of the fingers and toes and during exposure to cold,… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Raynaud's disease — noun A disease characterized by low blood flow to the fingers, toes, and/or ears …   Wiktionary

  • Raynaud’s disease — circulatory disorder of the extremities …   Eponyms, nicknames, and geographical games

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