Next-Generation Secure Computing Base

The Next-Generation Secure Computing Base (NGSCB), formerly known as Palladium, is a software architecture designed by Microsoft which is expected to implement parts of the controversial "Trusted Computing" concept on future versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system. NGSCB is part of Microsoft's Trustworthy Computing initiative. Microsoft's stated aim for NGSCB is to increase the security and privacy of computer users,^[1] but critics assert that the technology will not only fail to solve the majority of contemporary IT security problems, but also result in an increase in vendor lock-in and thus a reduction in competition in the IT marketplace.

NGSCB relies on hardware technology designed by members of the Trusted Computing Group (TCG), which provides a number of security-related features, including fast random number generation, a secure cryptographic co-processor, and the ability to hold cryptographic keys in a manner that should make them impossible to retrieve, even to the machine's owner. It is this latter ability that makes remote attestation of the hardware and software configuration of an NGSCB-enabled computer possible, and to which the opponents of the scheme chiefly object.^[2] Several computer manufacturers are selling computers with the Trusted Platform Module chip, notably IBM/Lenovo ThinkPads and the Dell OptiPlex GX620.^[3]

Microsoft has not published any materials regarding NGSCB on their MSDN site since March 2004, and none of the principal features described in the existing NGSCB materials have appeared in the two major versions of Windows since 2004 (Windows Vista and Windows 7).

Architecture and technical details

Architecture of NGSCB

A complete Microsoft-based Trusted Computing-enabled system will consist not only of software components developed by Microsoft but also of hardware components developed by the Trusted Computing Group. The majority of features introduced by NGSCB are heavily reliant on specialized hardware and so will not operate on PCs predating 2004.

In current Trusted Computing specifications, there are two hardware components; the Trusted Platform Module (TPM), which will provide secure storage of cryptographic keys and a secure cryptographic co-processor, and a curtained memory feature in the Central Processing Unit (CPU). In NGSCB, there are two software components, the Nexus, a security kernel that is part of the Operating System which provides a secure environment (Nexus mode) for trusted code to run in, and Nexus Computing Agents (NCAs), trusted modules which run in Nexus mode within NGSCB-enabled applications.

Secure storage and attestation

At the time of manufacture, a cryptographic key is generated and stored within the TPM. This key is never transmitted to any other component, and the TPM is designed in such a way that it is extremely difficult to retrieve the stored key by reverse engineering or any other method, even to the owner. Applications can pass data encrypted with this key to be decrypted by the TPM, but the TPM will only do so under certain strict conditions. Specifically, decrypted data will only ever be passed to authenticated, trusted applications, and will only ever be stored in curtained memory, making it inaccessible to other applications and the Operating System. Although the TPM can only store a single cryptographic key securely, secure storage of arbitrary data is by extension possible by encrypting the data such that it may only be decrypted using the securely stored key.

The TPM is also able to produce a cryptographic signature based on its hidden key. This signature may be verified by the user or by any third party, and so can therefore be used to provide remote attestation that the computer is in a secure state.

Curtained memory

NGSCB also relies on a curtained memory feature provided by the CPU. Data within curtained memory can only be accessed by the application to which it belongs, and not by any other application or the Operating System. The attestation features of the TPM can be used to confirm to a trusted application that it is genuinely running in curtained memory; it is therefore very difficult for anyone, including the owner, to trick a trusted application into running outside of curtained memory. This in turn makes reverse engineering of a trusted application extremely difficult.

Applications

NGSCB-enabled applications are to be split into two distinct parts, the NCA, a trusted module with access to a limited Application Programming Interface (API), and an untrusted portion, which has access to the full Windows API. Any code which deals with NGSCB functions must be located within the NCA.

The reason for this split is that the Windows API has developed over many years and is as a result extremely complex and difficult to audit for security bugs. To maximise security, trusted code is required to use a smaller, carefully audited API. Where security is not paramount, the full API is available.

Uses

Main article: Trusted Computing#Possible applications

NGSCB is meant as an implementation of Trusted Computing, its potential uses are therefore similar. Proponents claim that TC will make computers safer, less prone to viruses and malware, and thus more reliable from an end-user perspective. In addition, they also claim that Trusted Computing will allow computers and servers to offer improved computer security over that which is currently available.

Digital Rights Management

By utilizing the attestation, curtained memory and cryptographic features of the TPM, a secure form of Digital Rights Management (DRM) may be developed; critics charge that although it does not provide DRM features itself, DRM is nevertheless the primary motivation for the development of NGSCB.

DRM would be implemented by encrypting DRM-protected files and only making the decryption key available to corporate trusted applications. A wide range of copy-protection and similar features could thereby be implemented, limited only by the imagination. For example, it would be possible to create a file that can only be read on one computer, or within one organization, or a file that can only be opened for reading three times. While any DRM-protected file could be just as easily copied or read as an unprotected file, it would be extremely difficult to decrypt the file at an unauthorized destination, rendering it useless.

Network access

In corporate and educational networking environments, a desirable feature of NGSCB is the ability of each workstation to securely attest that no unauthorized modifications have been made either to its hardware or software. A workstation that is unable to authenticate itself can then be automatically denied access to some or all network services at will.

Owner Override

Critics have proposed 'Owner Override' as a potential solution to these problems.^[2] In such a system, the key stored by the TPM would still be inaccessible. However, a secure method for the owner to identify themselves would be provided, and through this method the owner would be able to force the TPM to make a false attestation or decrypt data for an application that would not otherwise be allowed access to that data. This feature would ensure that owners continue to have ultimate control over their computers and software and data stored on them, although it would also make Trusted Computing useless for purposes such as DRM. Trusted Computing would still have some uses in preventing misuse by anyone other than the owner, for example in a business or educational environment where computing facilities are made available by an employer or school for use by an employee or student.

Criticism

Main article: Trusted Computing#Criticism

NGSCB and Trusted Computing can be used to intentionally and arbitrarily lock certain users out from use of certain files, products and services, for example to lock out users of a competing product, potentially leading to severe vendor lock-in. This is analogous to a contemporary problem in which many businesses feel compelled to purchase and use Microsoft Word in order to be compatible with associates who use that software. Today this problem is partially solved by products such as OpenOffice.org which provide limited compatibility with Microsoft Office file formats. Under NGSCB, if Microsoft Word were to encrypt documents it produced, no other application would be able to decrypt them, regardless of its ability to read the underlying file format.

NGSCB and Trusted Computing are ineffectual at solving the majority of contemporary security problems, for example computer viruses and trojans. Despite this fact, Microsoft has in the past claimed that NGSCB was necessary to combat the threat of future virus outbreaks against Microsoft Windows users.^[4] Microsoft is no longer making claims that NGSCB will solve these virus problems.^[5]

Bruce Schneier in his Crypto-Gram Newsletter wrote^[6]

"There's a lot of good stuff in Pd, and a lot I like about it. There's also a lot I don't like, and am scared of. My fear is that Pd will lead us down a road where our computers are no longer our computers, but are instead owned by a variety of factions and companies all looking for a piece of our wallet. To the extent that Pd facilitates that reality, it's bad for society. I don't mind companies selling, renting, or licensing things to me, but the loss of the power, reach, and flexibility of the computer is too great a price to pay."

Availability

When originally announced, NGSCB was expected to be part of the then next major version of the Windows Operating System, Windows Vista (then known as Longhorn). However, in May 2004, Microsoft was reported to have shelved the NGSCB project.^[7] This was quickly denied by Microsoft who released a press release stating that they were instead "revisiting" their plans.^[8] The majority of features of NGSCB are now not expected to be available until well after the release of Windows Vista. However, Vista includes "BitLocker", which can make use of a Trusted Platform Module chip to facilitate secure startup and full-drive encryption. TPMs are already integrated in many systems using Intel's Core 2 Duo processors or AMD's Athlon 64 processors using the AM2 socket.^{[citation needed]}

History of the Name

Microsoft originally publicized the NGSCB technology under the code name Palladium, which was the word for a mythical talisman that guaranteed the security of Troy. Its working title was "Next-Generation Secure Computing Base," much as .NET's working title was "Next-Generation Windows Services." In early 2006, Microsoft renamed the NGSCB team at Microsoft to the System Integrity Team.

References

1. ^ "Next-Generation Secure Computing Base". http://www.microsoft.com/resources/ngscb/default.mspx. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "EOF - Give TCPA an Owner Override". http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7055. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
3. ^ "Dell Security Software FAQ". http://www1.us.dell.com/content/learnmore/learnmore.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=gen&~id=desktop_security&~line=desktops&~mode=popup&~series=optix&~tab=topic. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
4. ^ "MS blames PC architecture for viruses". http://linuxfromscratch.org/pipermail/lfs-chat/2003-August/016683.html. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
5. ^ "Microsoft Next-Generation Secure Computing Base - Technical FAQ". http://www.microsoft.com/technet/archive/security/news/ngscb.mspx. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
6. ^ Crypto-Gram Newsletter August 15, 2002
7. ^ "Microsoft Shelves NGSCB Project As NX Moves To Center Stage". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311085731/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=18841713. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 
8. ^ "Microsoft: 'Palladium' Is Still Alive and Kicking". http://www.microsoft-watch.com/content/operating_systems/microsoft_palladium_is_still_alive_and_kicking.html. Retrieved 2007-05-24. 

External links

• System Integrity Team blog — team blog for NGSCB technologies
• Microsoft's NGSCB page
• Security WMI Providers Reference on MSDN, including BitLocker Drive Encryption and Trusted Platform Module (both components of NGSCB)
• TPM Base Services on MSDN
• Ross Anderson's anti-TCPA/Palladium opinion article
• Register story criticising Palladium
• Richard Stallman's The Right to Read
• Richard Stallman's Can You Trust Your Computer?
• EFF's Trusted Computing: Promise and Risk
• Bruce Schneier's analysis of Palladium/TCPA
• The Trojan Palladium
• News.com story: What's in a name? Not Palladium
• Microsoft patents "Digital Rights Management Operating System"
• Microsoft's "Digital Rights Management Operating System" patent
• Microsoft moves to integrate Windows with BIOS
• Trustifier TCB alternative
• Development Considerations for Nexus Computing Agents