Koiné language

In linguistics, a koiné language ("common language") is a standard language or dialect, that has arisen as a result of contact between two mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) of the same language. Since the speakers understand one another from before the advent of the koiné, the "koineization" process is not as rapid as pidginization and creolization. (See pidgin and creole.) Normal influence between neighbouring dialects is not regarded as koineization. A koiné variety emerges as a new spoken variety in addition to the originating dialects; it does not change any existing dialect. This separates koineization from normal evolution of dialects.

Types

Kerswill identifies two types of koinés: regional and immigrant. A "regional koiné" is formed when a strong regional dialect comes into contact with dialects of speakers who move into the region. Often the use of the koiné spreads beyond the region where it was formed. The original Koiné was a regional koiné. It was based on the Attic Greek dialect that underwent a koineization process when it came into contact with other Greek dialects spoken in the Athenian seaport Piraeus and ultimately became the lingua franca of the Hellenistic world.

An "immigrant koiné" is a new dialect that forms in a community settled by immigrants speaking two or more mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. Kerswill examines two examples of immigrant koiné in detail. The first involves the development of Hindi-based koinés. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century speakers of a variety of Hindi dialects were conscripted to serve as indentured laborers throughout the colonial world. Speakers of these dialects came together in varying proportions under different conditions and developed distinctive Hindi koinés. These Hindi/Bhojpuri dialects are found in Brazil, Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, South Africa, Surinam, and Trinidad & Tobago.

Kerswill also examines the dialects of Norwegian that emerged in two towns that grew up around smelters built at the head of the Sørfjord in the mid-twentieth century. The towns, Odda and Tyssedal, both drew migrants from different parts of Norway. The workers in Odda came predominantly (86%) from western Norway. In Tyssedal only about one third came from western Norway; one third came from eastern Norway; and the rest from other parts of the country. The dialects that evolved in these two towns were radically different from each other.

Process of Koineization

Mesthrie recognizes two basic steps in this process: accommodation and focusing. Trudgill sees three processes in operation during what Mesthrie calls the accommodation period: mixing, leveling and simplification. The processes of leveling and simplification are both dependent on a wide range of factors, including the differential prestige related of the contributing dialects, socio-political contexts in which the new dialect develops, and individual networks of adults involved in the accommodation process. Additionally, both Trudgill and Mesthrie also comment on the process of reallocation, in which features that have been retained from contributing dialects take on new meanings or functions within the new dialect.

Trudgill posits a multi-generational model of the development of a koiné. During the first (i.e., immigrant) generation, the speakers of the contributing dialects mix, and there is some leveling. The first native-born generation of speakers continues the leveling process. However, in the instances Trudgill was able to document (e.g., first generation speakers of New Zealand English and of the Tyssedal and Odda dialects of Norwegian), the speech of this generation still reflected considerable variability in use of marked forms, both between speakers and in the repertoire of individual speakers. It is the third generation that focuses the variations and stabilizes the dialect. Trudgill admits that there are cases where the focusing can take place in the first generation of native-born speakers and also instances where it might be in the fourth or ever later generations. The dialect in its emerging state, a state marked by heterogeneity of forms, Trudgill calls "interdialect", often called an interlanguage in other dialect studies.

Below is a partial list of koiné languages.

* Koiné Greek, the language that has given name to the general phenomenon.
* Iraqi Koiné, a variety of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic based on the various mountain dialects under the influence of the semi-standard Urmežnaya variety.
* Dano-Norwegian, the basis of Norway's most widely-used written standard Bokmål.
* N'Ko, which is both a script and an emerging literary version of Manding languages.
* Standard Friulian ("furlan standard"), based on Central variants with some differences, used in official acts
* Fiji Hindi
* South African Bhojpuri
* New Zealand English
* Australian English

References

*Harvard reference
last=Britain
first=D
last2=Trudgill
first2=Peter
year=1999
title=Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: Reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact.
journal=Transactions of the Philological Society
volume=97
issue=2
pages=245-256
*Harvard reference
last=Kerswill
first=P.
editor-last=Trudgill
editor-first=Peter
editor2-last=Schilling-Estes
editor2-first=N
chapter= [http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/kerswill/pkpubs/Kerswill2002KoineAcc.pdf Koineization and Accommodation]
title=The handbook of language variation and change
place=Oxford
publisher=Blackwell Publishing
pages=669-702
*Harvard reference
last=Mesthrie
first=R.
editor-last=Mesthrie
editor-first=R.
year=2001
chapter=Koinés
title=Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics
place=Amsterdam
publisher=Elsevier
pages=485-489
*Harvard reference
last=Trudgill
first=Peter
year=1986
title=Dialects in contact
place=Oxford
publisher=Blackwell Publishing

ee also

*Dialect levelling
*Lingua franca