Critical graph

In general the notion of criticality can refer to any measure. But in graph theory, when the term is used without any qualification, it almost always refers to the chromatic number of a graph. Critical graphs are interesting because they are the minimal members in terms of chromatic number, which is a very important measure in graph theory. More precise definitions follow.

A vertex or an edge is a critical element of a graph G if its deletion would decrease the chromatic number of G. Obviously such decrement can be no more than 1 in a graph.

A critical graph is a graph in which every vertex or edge is a critical element. A k-critical graph is a critical graph with chromatic number k; a graph G with chromatic number k is k-vertex-critical if each of its vertices is a critical element.

Some properties of a k-critical graph G with n vertices and m edges:

• G has only one component.
• G is finite (this is the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem of De Bruijn & Erdős 1951).
• δ(G) ≥ k - 1, that is, every vertex is adjacent to at least k - 1 others.
• If G is (k-1)-regular, meaning every vertex is adjacent to exactly k - 1 others, then G is either K_k or an odd cycle . This is Brooks' theorem; see Brooks (1941)).
• 2 m ≥ (k - 1) n + k - 3 (Dirac 1957).
• 2 m ≥ (k - 1) n + [(k - 3)/(k² - 3)] n (Gallai 1963a).
• Either G may be decomposed into two smaller critical graphs, with an edge between every pair of vertices that includes one vertex from each of the two subgraphs, or G has at least 2k + 1 vertices (Gallai 1963b). More strongly, either G has a decomposition of this type, or for every vertex v of G there is a k-coloring in which v is the only vertex of its color and every other color class has at least two vertices (Stehlík 2003).

It is fairly easy to see that a graph G is vertex-critical if and only if for every vertex v, there is an optimal proper coloring in which v is a singleton color class.

As Hajós (1961) showed, every k-critical graph may be formed from a complete graph K_k by combining the Hajós construction with an operation of identifying two nonadjacent vertices. The graphs formed in this way always require k colors in any proper coloring.

A double-critical graph is a connected graph in which the deletion of any pair of adjacent vertices decreases the chromatic number by two. One open problem is to determine whether K_k is the only double-critical k-chromatic graph (Jensen, Toft 1995, p. 105).

See also

• Factor-critical graph

References

• Brooks, R. L.; Tutte, W. T. (1941), "On colouring the nodes of a network", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 37 (02): 194–197, doi:10.1017/S030500410002168X .
• de Bruijn, N. G.; Erdős, P. (1951), "A colour problem for infinite graphs and a problem in the theory of relations", Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Proc. Ser. A 54: 371–373 . (Indag. Math. 13.)
• Dirac, G. A. (1957), "A theorem of R. L. Brooks and a conjecture of H. Hadwiger", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (3) 7 (1): 161–195, doi:10.1112/plms/s3-7.1.161 .
• Gallai, T. (1963a), "Kritische Graphen I", Publ. Math. Inst. Hungar. Acad. Sci. 8: 165–192 .
• Gallai, T. (1963b), "Kritische Graphen II", Publ. Math. Inst. Hungar. Acad. Sci. 8: 373–395 .
• Hajós, G. (1961), "Über eine Konstruktion nicht n-färbbarer Graphen", Wiss. Z. Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg Math.-Natur. Reihe 10: 116–117 .
• Jensen, T. R.; Toft, B. (1995), Graph coloring problems, New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-02865-7 .
• Stehlík, Matěj (2003), "Critical graphs with connected complements", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B 89 (2): 189–194, doi:10.1016/S0095-8956(03)00069-8, MR2017723 .