Siege of Kastania

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Siege of Kastania
partof=the Ottoman Invasion of Mani (1770)


caption=Map of Greece with Mani highlighted.
date=1770
place=Kastania, Mani
result=Pyrrhic Ottoman
combatant1=Maniots, Klephts
combatant2=Ottoman Empire
commander1=Konstantinos KolokotronisKIA Panagiotaros VenetsakisKIA
commander2=Ali Bey
strength1=about 400 men and civilians
strength2=10,000 men
casualties1=about 300
casualties2=2,000 killed

The Siege of Kastania was fought in 1770 between the Maniots and the klephts under Kostantinos Kolokotronis and Panagiotaros Venetsakis and the Ottoman Empire under Ali Bey.

Prelude

The Orlov Revolt had been a disaster for the Greeks that revolted against the Ottomans and the Maniots who were the only free Greeks. The Ottomans forced the Maniots to pay tribute annually and to have a bey who came from Mani. Even though the Maniots were bottled by the fierce Turko-Albanian soldiers who ravaged the Peloponnese they still managed to cause damage to the Ottomans with their pirate ships and with raids into Laconia. Amongst the most prominent were Konstantinos Kolokotronis and Panagiotaros Venetsakis.

From their towers in Kastania they attacked Ottoman lands and caused much damage. The pasha of the Peloponnese, Hassán Ghazi was preparing his invasion of Mani and he saw that it to exterminate the Kastanian menaces. When his fleet arrived at Gytheio he sent 10,000 men under the command of his second in command, Ali Bey to deal with them. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)]

The Siege

The Maniots had heard that Ali Bey and Panagiotaros sent a man to his father-in-law Zanet Grigorakis to bring a relief force. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)] But Zanet was busy preparing the rest of the Maniot army with his uncle Éxarchos Grigorakis near their home town of Skoutari. They resigned to the fact that they would have to fight alone.

By the time the Ottomans reached Kastania from Gytheio the defenders were ready for the siege. The Maniots had gathered ammunition and food to last for around a dozen days. They tried to evacuate the children and women but their attempt were thwarted by the fact that they refused to go. The defence was mainly concentrated around Kolkotronis', Panagiotaros' and Panagiotaros' fathers pyrgoi. The elder Panagiotaros was over 80 years old at the time and had been a renowned klepht when he was younger. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)]

Ali Bey sent a men to the defenders offering to call off the siege if Konstaninos and Panagiotaros each gave him one of their children. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)] The Maniots refused and the Ottomans began the siege. The Ottomans had trouble bombarding the pyrgoi because they were well built and had been strengthened before the Ottomans arrived. They also had trouble because the Maniot were shielded from the artillery while the Ottomans were exposed to the Maniot fire.

The siege had dragged on for ten days and the situation was becoming grave for the defenders. During the night of the tenth day, Panagiotaros, his father and Kolokotronis met to discuss the situation. They only had ammunition to last for two days and after that ran out the defence was doomed. They came to the conclusion that on the twelfth night at midnight when the moon didn't shine they would sneak out and make for the forests around the town with a group of men covering the rear and the vanguard while the women and the children were in the middle. Panagiotaros' father however said that he would stay behind and with his wife and one attendant would place his remaining gunpowder on the top floor and wait until the pyrgo was full of Turko-Albanians then he would detonate the gunpowder and kill as many enemies as possible. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)]

On the twelfth night they broke out from the pyrgoi and tried to make it to the forests. The Ottomans heard the movements and they attacked the fleeing Maniots. The men tried to hold off the Ottomans while the women and the children escaped. Kolokotronis fell fighting seven Ottomans with his sword and pistol in hand. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)] His head was cut off and put on a spear. His wife with his young son Theodoros Kolokotronis, the future hero of the Greek War of Independence escaped. Panagiotaros died while protecting his family from the Ottomans. Only 100 people made it to safety. The elder Venetsakis was betrayed by his attendant and had both his feet cut off along with one of his hands. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)] The Ottomans then hung him from the mast of one of their ships.

Aftermath

The victorious Ottomans then were routed by the combined Maniot forces under the command of Zanet and Éxarchos Grigorakis. Éxarchos was treacherously captured and hung. In retaliation the Maniot sacked the Ottoman castle of Passavas. Panagiotaros' children were captured and were given an Ottoman education and later on became officers in the Ottoman army. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)] All of Kolokotronis' children except for Theodoros were captured but they were ransomed later on. [ Πουμελιωτη, "Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944)] Panagiotaros' and Kolokotronis' heads were sent to the sultan.

Notes

ources

Γιαννη Χ. Ρουμελιωτη. Ηρωίδες της Λακωνίας και της Μάνης Όλης (1453-1944). ΙSBN 960-87030-1-8