Warren's Shaft

Warren's Shaft is an archaeological feature in Jerusalem found by Charles Warren in the late 19th century. It runs from within the old city to a spot near the Gihon Spring, and after its 19th century discovery was thought to have been the centrepiece of the city's early water supply system, since it would have enabled the city's occupants to safely reach fresh water (which was otherwise unavailable within the city) even if the city itself was besieged. The narrow and tall shaft was demonstrated to be traversable when a member of Warren's excavation "climbed" from top to base. Since in the Books of Samuel it states that David conquered Jerusalem from its prior inhabitants due to Joab sneaking up a similar water shaft and launching a surprise attack on the city from inside, it was long thought that Warren's shaft was the shaft in question (with Hezekiah's tunnel having too late a date, and there being no other known candidates).

The "shaft" is composed of four sections in sequence:
*a stepped tunnel [http://www.bibleplaces.com/images/Warrens_Shaft_tb_n031200_wr.jpg]
*horizontal but curved tunnel [http://www.bibleplaces.com/images/Warrens_Shaft3_tb_n031200_wr.jpg]
*a 14 metre high vertical shaft [http://www.bibleplaces.com/images/Warrens_Shaft_from_top_tb_n031200_wr.jpg]
*a feeding tunnel

According to a number of archaeologists, the shaft is simply a widening of a natural fissure in the rock. The 14 metre high shaft, which has a pool of water at the base, is now not actually thought to have been part of the system. In 1998, while a visitor centre was being constructed, builders discovered that there was an additional passageway, about 2 metres higher and starting from the horizontal curved tunnel, that skirted the 14 metre vertical shaft, and continued to a pool much nearer the Gihon spring. The 14 metre shaft is too narrow, and the pool at its base too shallow, to have been functional, and archaeologists now believe that it is merely a natural fissure that the original excavators happened to breach during their dig towards the other pool. The higher passageway was not originally higher - at some point Warren's shaft was lowered (cutting into a geologically distinct type of rock), and ran into the 14 meter vertical shaft.

The pool reached by the higher passage was protected by a large tower, which was also discovered by the visitor centre builders, and is located outside the former city. The pool connects to the Gihon spring via a narrow channel, and the Gihon was itself protected by a large tower (also recently discovered). The pool itself may have been protected by a second tower, but this is uncertain as excavation of the southern side of the pool has not yet been carried out, since it lies under a current residential area.

Ceramics found in the tunnels by these more recent archaeological excavations firmly date the Warren's shaft system, and the tower defences to at least the 18th century BC. This expressly places it in the time when Canaanites controlled Jerusalem, and this, together with the guard towers, expressly rules out the possibility of anyone sneaking into the city in David's time via the shaft; the shaft's exit was heavily fortified as was the Gihon spring. In essence, conquering the city would have been more a case of capturing the guard towers and holding the city to ransom over its water [Ronny Reich "Light at the End of the Tunnel: Warren's Shaft Theory of David's Conquests Shattered" (in Biblical Archaeology Review, vol. 25, no. 1)] . The Septuagint differs from the masoretic text; rather than "all who wish to attack the Jebusites must strike at them through the water shaft" it reads "all who wish to attack the Jebusites must strike at them with their dagger".

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