Studebaker Avanti

The Studebaker Avanti was a sports coupe originally built by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana, USA between June 1962 and December 1963. Designed by a team of stylists employed by industrial designer Raymond Loewy, the Avanti was all new on the surface and a radical body design, though based on the Studebaker Lark Daytona chassis.

Introduction

Avanti is Italian for "forward" or "advance," and the car lived up to its name. While Jaguar began offering production-car disc brakes in 1957 on the XK150, the Avanti was the first American mass-produced car to feature standard disc brakes. The Avanti's emphasis on safety, with seatbelts available as an option, safety door latches and roll-over protection bar, was also very advanced.

Origins

The Avanti's classic design originated in an intense five-week session in a rented house in Palm Springs, California near the home of lead designer Raymond Loewy with the team of Bob Andrews, Tom Kellogg, and John Ebstein.cite book|title=Studebaker: One can do a lot of remembering in South Bend|last=Hendry|first=Maurice M|publisher= [http://www.autoquarterly.com Automobile Quarterly] |location=New Albany|pages=228-275|id=Vol X, 3rd Q, 1972] The waist had a coke bottle shape, which held up a thin-section roof with a bubble-back rear window and an integral rollbar. Loewy achieved the look of a rear-drive sports car by replacing the function of a conventional grille with a bottom breathing air intake placed under the front bumper, a styling feature that reached the family sedan in the 1980s with the Ford Taurus The driver looked over an asymmetrical hump in the hood. The cockpit had crash padding, and seating was in four bucket seats. It would be put into production with few changes from the original small-scale model. [ [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1963-1964-studebaker-avanti.htm 1963-1964 Studebaker Avanti, by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide] ] The unique and classic aesthetics of the car garnered a following, and it consequently lived on in production as a hand-built, custom-order model decades after Studebaker closed its doors.

In the early 1960s, Studebaker needed some excitement in the showrooms but, because of the precarious financial situation, it had little capital to invest in product development. Although the Avanti looked entirely new, it was mounted on a 109-inch Lark Daytona convertible frame, based upon the 1953 design. For power, the Avanti relied on Studebaker's own old-design but rugged V8. For use in the Avanti, several high-performance modifications were utilized.

Power

The Avanti engine was available in four versions named the R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4. They were based upon a 232-cubic-inch V8 Studebaker engine that produced Convert|120|hp|kW|0|abbr=on when introduced in 1951. By 1963 the Avanti version of this engine, the R-1 289, produced Convert|240|hp|kW|0|abbr=on. The optional R-2 version with its Paxton supercharger produced a rated Convert|289|hp|kW|0|abbr=on, or one per each cubic inch of engine displacement.Fact|date=August 2008

To put the performance of Studebaker's supercharged 289 V8 in perspective, the Ford 289 V8, as used in the 1964-1/2 through 1967 Mustangs, produced Convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on with a two-barrel carburetor, Convert|220|hp|kW|0|abbr=on with a four-barrel carburetor, and Convert|271|hp|kW|0|abbr=on in Ford's high-compression, solid-lifter, four-barrel "K-code" engine. Thus, Studebaker's "Jet Thrust" 289 V8s were significantly more powerful than any naturally aspirated 289 production engine offered by Ford through 1967 (in 1968, Ford began relying on the new 302-cubic-inch engine).Fact|date=August 2008.

Studebaker had first used Paxton superchargers on the 1957 and '58 Studebaker and Packard Hawks. Subsequently, they bought the company. With the assistance of car racing legend Andy Granatelli, Studebaker developed an R-3 and an R-4 engine for the Avanti. The first R-3 was a 289 was bored initially to 299. Later versions were 304.5 cubic inches (just under the class-C five-liter limit). The R-3 employed special cylinder heads with much larger intake ports and larger valves, an aluminum intake manifold with correspondingly larger ports, long-branch lower restriction exhaust manifolds, longer-duration camshaft, and a Paxton supercharger blowing through a Carter AFB four-barrel carburetor mounted in a pressurized aluminum box. The R-3 was rated at Convert|335|hp|kW|0|abbr=on, but reportedly produced 411 at the flywheel. The R-4 engine was essentially the same as the R-3 engine except that it incorporated domed pistons for a higher compression ratio and a dual four-barrel manifold with two Carter AFB carbs. The R-4 was rated at convert|280|hp.Fact|date=August 2008

During the fall of 1962, on August 14th, the prototype R-3 (299 cid) driven by Andy Granatelli set several land speed records with the top speed of convert|168.15|mi/h|km/h|2|abbr=on for the Flying Mile. This Avanti was later modified into the Due Cento for the 1963 Bonneville runs. In October 1963, Granatelli took several Studebakers to the Bonneville Salt Flats, including an R-3 Avanti (#9) in which he reached a record speed ofconvert|170.78|mi/h|km/h|2|abbr=on.Fact|date=August 2008 By the time he was done, Granatelli had set or broken 34 U.S. land speed records in the Avanti, allowing Studebaker to proudly proclaim it the "World's Fastest Production Car". In addition to being fast, the Avanti led the domestic auto industry in the use of front caliper disc brakes (Dunlop discs produced under license by the Bendix Corporation).Fact|date=August 2008

A one-off custom version of the Studebaker V8 was the Granatelli-developed, experimental R5. With Bendix aircraft fuel injection as used on the Novi Indy car and a Paxton supercharger mounted to each cylinder bank, it produced convert|638|hp on the Paxton dynamometer. The R-5 was mounted in Granatelli’s special Avanti “Due Cento” (200 in Italian), with which he planned to break 200 miles per hour. Unfortunately, Granatelli could not get enough traction during his Bonneville run, achieving a top speed of 196.62 miles per hour.Fact|date=August 2008 The R5 never officially competed again.Fact|date=August 2008

Early orders and problems

The Avanti was heavily promoted — even named the Official (honorary) Pace Car of the 1962 Indianapolis convert|500|mi|km|-1|sing=on race — and many enthusiastic buyers placed advance orders. However, long production delays depressed sales, and led to the substitution of the Lark Daytona Convertible to pace the "500".Fact|date=August 2008 The major delay was caused by problems with the alignment of some of the fiberglass body panels and the rear window opening being too big for the glass. These difficulties were quite surprising to Studebaker executives, since body fabrication had been farmed out to the Molded Fiberglass Products Company of Ashtabula, Ohio: this firm that had been making Chevrolet Corvette bodies since 1954. To solve these problems, Studebaker was eventually forced to assemble the body panels themselves — but it was too late, as many sales had already been lost.Fact|date=August 2008

Instead of offering separate model years of the Avanti, Studebaker made running changes until production of the car ended. In general, the easiest way to differentiate between the earlier and later variants is by the headlight bezels. All Avantis produced from June, 1962 through July, 1963 featured round headlight bezels. Beginning in August 1963, the car was fitted with squared bezels. Most people refer to the models with round headlight bezels as 1963s and the models with square headlight bezels as 1964s, though a number of early 1964 models were made with the round headlight surrounds.

On December 9, 1963, Studebaker announced the end of car and truck manufacturing in South Bend, and the consolidation of all vehicle manufacturing in its Hamilton, Ontario, Canada plant. At that point, the company dropped the Avanti, the Gran Turismo Hawk, and all pickups and trucks in order to focus on sedans, coupes and station wagons. Only 4,643 Avantis (not including prototypes, some of which were assigned serial numbers at the end of the run) had been produced by the time Studebaker closed the South Bend factory on December 20, 1963. The final Avanti, a white fully optioned R-3 car, contained a letter signed by Studebaker employees advising the future owner of the car's significance under the carpeting near the spare tire well.Fact|date=August 2008

Studebaker survived another two years by assembling Commanders, Daytonas, Wagonaires and Cruisers at Hamilton that were equipped with 230-cubic-inch six-cylinder and 283-cubic-inch V8 engines sourced from GM Canada LTD (that were based on contemporary Chevrolet engines), but the thrill was gone. Studebaker ended automobile production on March 17, 1966.Fact|date=August 2008

Avanti II and XUV

Following the closure of the South Bend operation, two South Bend, Indiana Studebaker dealers, Nate Altman and Leo Newman purchased the Avanti name, the body molds, remaining parts, tools, jigs, and a portion of the South Bend factory to continue making the Avanti.cite book|title=Avanti II: Nate Altman can make you a car that you will love|last=Langworth|first=Richard M|publisher= [http://www.autoquarterly.com Automobile Quarterly] |location=New Albany|pages=276-281|id=Vol X, 3rd Q, 1972] These Avantis, called the Avanti II, were given a 327 in³ (5.4 L) Chevrolet Corvette engine and were meticulously hand-built to order in very small numbers. The Avanti II's engine evolved from the 327 to the 350, the 400, and finally the 305. All Avanti IIs were built on Studebaker chassis until 1987. The 1987-89 models were based on GM's G-platform specifically the Monte Carlo.

On October 1, 1982, real estate developer Stephen H. Blake bought the rights to the Avanti II. Steve Blake made some updates to the car, notably the change to plastic, integrated bumpers and a redesigned dash and interior (introduced on a limited production run of "20th Anniversary" cars, but continued on for subsequent production) and also introduced a convertible model. At that time the "II" was dropped from the name, although the car remained substantially the same except as previously mentioned. Blake's company declared bankruptcy in 1986, and the company was purchased by Michael Kelly, who relocated production to Youngstown, Ohio.Fact|date=August 2008 A second-generation automobile was styled by Tom Kellogg, one of the original Avanti design team members working for industrial designer Raymond Loewy, in the late 1980s. This car was based on GM's "F" platform Camaro/Firebird. Tom Kellogg was fatally injured in a car accident in California on 14 August 2003.Fact|date=August 2008

In 2003, Avanti Motor Corporation of Villa Rica, Georgia announced a Studebaker-branded SUV, the "XUV". A demonstration model appeared at the Chicago Auto Show. General Motors sued, claiming infringement of the trade dress of its Hummer model. [Eichen J L in [http://www.venable.com/docs/pubs/1104.pdf National Law Journal] (pdf) 28 Apr 2003] In 2004, the parties announced a settlement.

In October 2005 an internet report was published that "Avanti Motors" had "recently announced a new relationship with Ford Motor" and was planning "a big comeback". [Spinelli M, [http://jalopnik.com/cars/news/game-on-avanti-motors-hopes-to-survive-and-thrive-in-2006-130353.php jalopnik.com] 11 Oct 2005] An October 2006 brief report said the company had established a new factory at Cancun, Mexico and planned to produce 400 vehicles per year. [McCall W, [http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20061024/mexico-avanti-cars.htm International Business Times] weblog, 24 Oct 2006.] A brief chronology of relevant events from 1961-2005 was published [ [http://www.theavanti.com/year.htm theavanti.com] ] but all production of new vehicles is understood to have ended.

Michael Eugene Kelly, owner of Avanti Motors Corporation, was arrested by the FBI on Dec 22, 2006 in Florida. Kelly is suspected of running a $400 million Ponzi scheme from 1992–2004 and is in jail without bail facing mail fraud charges. [cite web
url = http://www.sec.gov/litigation/litreleases/2007/lr20267.htm
title = SEC Charges Twenty-Six Defendants in $428 Million Securities Fraud That Targeted Senior Citizens and Retirement Savings
accessdate = 2008-08-21
date= September 5, 2007
work = Securities Exchange Commission ] [cite web
url = http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2007/2007-172.htm
title = SEC Press Release
accessdate = 2008-01-27
date= September 5, 2007
work = Securities Exchange Commission ] [cite web
url = http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2007/comp20267.pdf
title = SEC vs. Michael E Kelly, Michael P Kelly, Donald L Kelly and 23 others
accessdate = 2008-01-27
date= September 5, 2007
work = Securities Exchange Commission ] [cite web
url = http://chicago.fbi.gov/pressrel/2006/dec27_06.htm
title = FBI Press Release announcing Michael Kelly's arrest
accessdate = 2008-01-27
date= December 27, 2006
work = FBI Press Release ]

cale model reproductions and kits

AMT has issued a 1:25 scale "Trophy Series" plastic kit of the Avanti.

Aurora Plastics also made a 1:25 scale Avanti kit. The detail level is comparable to that of the AMT kit. No engine or appearance options are offered.

Micro Machines made preassembled reproductions of the Avanti in a very small size in several colors.

Johnny Lightning produced a 1:64 scale 1963 Studebaker Avanti in 2006.

Franklin Mint Models also made a highly detailed replica of the Avanti in 1:24 scale with opening doors and hood, and meticulously reproduced engine details.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.aoai.org/ Avanti Owners Association International homepage]
* [http://www.avantimotors.com/ Avanti Motors (company website)]
* [http://www.avantisource.com/ Avanti Source Home Page]
* [http://www.theavanti.com/ TheAvanti.com]
* [http://www.johnpenrice.com/dnn/Avanti/AvantiSouthBend/tabid/61/Default.aspx Avanti Motor Corporation, South Bend]