Black-legged Kittiwake

Taxobox
name = Black-legged Kittiwake
status = LC| status= LC | status_system = IUCN3.1

---

image_width = 240px
image_caption = Black-legged Kittiwakes, "Rissa tridactyla", nesting
on the Farne Islands, Northumberland, UK
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Charadriiformes
familia = Laridae
genus = "Rissa"
species = "R. tridactyla"
binomial = "Rissa tridactyla"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758, Great Britain)The Black-legged Kittiwake, "Rissa tridactyla" is a seabird species in the gull family Laridae.

This species was first described by Linnaeus in his "Systema naturae" in 1758 as "Larus tridactylus". [la icon cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). | date=1758| quote = L, albicans dorso canescente, rectricibus excepto extimo nigris, pedibus tridaclylis.|pages=136]

In North America, this species is known as the Black-legged Kittiwake (or more colloquially in some areas as Tickleass or Tickleace) in order to differentiate it from the Red-legged Kittiwake, but in Europe, where it is the only member of the genus, it is often known just as Kittiwake.

Adults are roughly 40 cm (16 inches) in length with a wingspan of 90–100 cm. They have a white head and body, grey back, grey wings tipped solid black, and have black legs and a yellow bill. Occasional individuals have pinky-grey to reddish legs, inviting easy confusion with Red-legged Kittiwake. In winter, they acquire a dark grey smudge behind the eye and a grey hind-neck collar. The name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'.

It is a coastal breeding bird around the north Pacific and north Atlantic oceans, found most commonly in North America and Europe. It breeds in large colonies on cliffs and is very noisy on the breeding ground. Cliff nesting for gulls occurs only in the "Rissa" species. Kittiwakes are capable of utilizing the very sheerest of vertical cliffs, as is evident in their nesting sites on Staple Island in the outer Farne Islands (Hogan, 2005). One to two buff spotted eggs are laid in the nest lined with moss or seaweed. The downy young of Kittiwakes are white, since they have no need of camouflage from predators, and do not wander from the nest like "Larus" gulls for obvious safety reasons.

At fledging, the juveniles differ from the adults in having a black 'W' band across the length of the wings and whiter secondary and primary feathers behind the black 'W', a black hind-neck collar and a black terminal band on the tail. The old fishermans' name of "tarrock" for juvenile Kittiwakes is still occasionally used.

They are fish feeders, and are more pelagic than "Larus" gulls outside the breeding season. They do not scavenge at tips like some other gull species.

There are two races of Black-legged Kittiwake:
*"Rissa tridactyla tridactyla" in the North Atlantic Ocean, which is unique among the Laridae in having only a very small or even no hind toe.
*"Rissa tridactyla pollicaris" in the North Pacific Ocean, which (as the name "pollex", thumb, suggests) has a normally developed hind toe.

Gallery

References

* Harrison, "Seabirds" ISBN 0-7470-8028-8

External links

* [http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/species.jsp?lang=EN&id=9B02A4E6134E43E6&ts=1220379903239&sec=flickr Avibase]
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i0400id.html Black-legged Kittiwake - "Rissa tridactyla"] USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-legged_Kittiwake.html Black-legged Kittiwake Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/black_legged_kittiwake_info.htm Black-legged Kittiwake Information and Photos] - South Dakota Birds and Birding