Battle of Roncevaux Pass

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Roncevaux Pass
partof=Charlemagne's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula


caption=The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, from an illustrated manuscript, 1455–1460
date=August 15, 778
place=Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees
result=Basque victory
combatant1=Franks
combatant2=Basques
commander1=Charlemagne Roland †, Eginhard, Anselmus
commander2=Unknown (speculated: Duke Lop of Vasconia)
strength1=Major army
strength2=Unknown (guerrilla party)
casualties1=Massacre of the Frankish rearguard but safety for the main force
casualties2=UnknownThe Battle of Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, "Roncesvalles" in Spanish, "Orreaga" in Basque) was a famous battle in 778 in which Roland, prefect of the Brittany March and commander of the rear guard of Charlemagne's army, was defeated by the Basques. It was fought at Roncevaux Pass, a high mountain pass in the Pyrenees on the border between France and Spain (approximate location: coord|42|59|22|N|1|20|02|W|). The battle gave rise to a body of legend that far outlasted the facts.

Background

After the Muslim invasion of 711 and the rise of the Carolingians, the Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine had been severely punished by both sides. The last double Duke, Waifer, had been defeated by Pepin the Short and the Frankish domain north of the Pyrenees seemed consolidated.

The plot

Sulayman al-Arabi, Wāli of Barcelona and Girona, had been present at the Court meeting of Paderborn in 777. It seems that he induced Charlemagne to invade Al Andalus by promising him an easy surrender of its Upper March. The King didn't make up his mind until the winter, but he finally decided to launch an expedition into the Iberian peninsula the next year.

The Franks advanced as two armies: one by the east (Catalonia) and another by the west (Basque Country). Charles himself took the command of the second army that crossed Vasconia and camped at Pamplona without apparent opposition.

Meanwhile in Zaragoza, the capital of the Upper March of Al Andalus, its governor Hussain Ibn Yahya al Ansari, apparently part of the pro-Frankish conspiracy, had to face other problems. Abd ar-Rahman I, emir of Cordoba sent his most trusted general, Thalaba Ibn Obeid to take control of the possibly rebellious city and to prevent the Frankish invasion. Al Ansari and Ibn Obeid clashed repeatedly; eventually the wali managed to defeat and to imprison the Cordobese general.

Reinforced in his autonomous position, al Ansari became reluctant to yield his new privileged status to the Frankish monarch. No matter what they might have previously negotiated, the gates of Zaragoza remained closed against the Christian army.

It is unclear if Charlemagne besieged Zaragoza. Whatever the case, the military pressure on the city could not have lasted much more than a month. This time was filled with negotiations that nevertheless did not result in the surrender of the city.

Both conspirators seem to have tried to appease Charlemagne by giving him the prisoner General Thalaba and a large tribute of gold, but Charlemagne was not easily satisfied, putting Suleiman al-Arabi in chains.

The retreat

As the Frankish army retreated towards Pamplona they suffered an ambush led by the relatives of al-Arabi. Suleiman al-Arabi was liberated and brought to Zaragoza, where both conspirators jointly resisted a new attack by Abd al-Rahman. Suleiman al-Arabi would eventually be murdered by al Ansari.

After stopping at Pamplona, Charlemagne ordered the walls of this strategic city be destroyed, possibly fearing that it could be used by the Basques in future rebellions. Some primary sources suggest that he destroyed the city altogether.

The Battle

The battle itself took place in the evening of Saturday, August 15th 778, causing numerous losses among the Frankish troops, including several most important aristocrats and the sack of the baggage, probably with all the gold given by the Muslims at Zaragoza. After their success, the attackers took advantage of the night to flee.

The sources are somewhat contradictory, yet the second redaction of the "Annales Regii" (falsely attributed to Eginhard) reads: [Narbaitz, Pierre. "Orria, o la batall de Roncesvalles. 778". Elkar, 1979. ISBN 84-400-4926-9]

"Having decided to return, [Charlemagne] entered the mountains of the Pyrenees, in whose summits the Vascones had set up an ambush. When attacking the rearguard confusion spread by all the army. And, while Frankish were superior to the Vascones both in armament as in courage, the roughness of the terrain and the difference in the style of combat made them inferior". "In this battle were killed the majority of the paladins that the King had placed in command of his forces"."The bagagge was sacked and, suddenly, the enemy vanished thanks to their knowledge of the terrain"."The memory of the injury so produced darkened in great manner in the King's heart that of the feats made in Hispania".

The "Vita Karoli" mentions the names of the most important paladins killed "among many others": Eggihard, Mayor of the Palace, Anselmus, Palatine Count and Roland, Prefect of the March of Brittany [Thorpe, Lewis "Two Lives Of Charlemagne" ISBN 0-140-44213-8] .

The Basque army

The guerrilla army of the Basques is not well known. A later source, the anonymous "Saxon Poet", talks of the Basque spears, which fits with the Pyrenean and Basque tradition that would be present much later among the almogavars. A typical such mountain warrior would have two short spears and a knife or short sword as his main weapons, and would not normally wear armour.

Pierre de Marca, a Bearnese author, suggests that the attackers were a "reduced number" of mostly local Low Navarrese, Souletines, and Bazatanese, whose main motivation may well have been plunder. Nevertheless he also suggests that the Duke of Vasconia, Lop, may have been their commander. [Pierre de Marca, "Historie du Béarn" (quoted by Narbaitz, op.cit.)] This opinion is also held by the authors of the General History of Languedoc who claim that Duke Lop was the leader of the "Gascons" that attacked Charlemagne. [Devic and Vaissette, Historie Genérale du Languedoc, 1872 (quoted by Narbaitz, op.cit.)]

The presence of people from other areas beyond those mentioned by de Marca is very likely anyhow. It is difficult to imagine why Bazatanese were there and not, for instance, the people of nearby Aezkoa or Salazar valleys. There are even attributions to Guipuscoans, like a dedication in a chapel of Pasaia that gives thanks to Our Lady of Piety because of her support to their alleged participation in this battle. Nevertheless the date mentioned (814) may refer to the Second Battle of Roncevaux (see below).

Location

There have been many different hypotheses as to where this battle actually took place, some suggesting various places in the High Pyrenees in Aragon or Catalonia.

The mainstream opinion is that the battle took place somewhere not far from Roncevaux itself as it is not just one of the easiest routes but also traditional.

Notably the old Roman road (also called "Route of Napoleon") followed a different route than the modern one, not crossing Ibaineta (the traditional location) but heading eastwards and crossing instead the Lepoeder and Bentartea passes, not far from Urkuilu peak, at Aezkoa. It might well have been at one of these narrow passages where the actual battle took place. [Narbaitz, op. cit.]

Another possible location that has been suggested for the battle is that of the Selva de Oza pass, in the valley of Hecho, in the border between Aragon and Navarre, since the old roman road called 'Caesar Augusta' that lead from Caesaraugusta (Saragosse) to Benearnum (Bearn) crosses the Pyrinees there. It is to be noted that both Roncesvaux and Selva de Oza are just about 30 kilometers away.

Consequences

The Franks failed in capturing Zaragoza and suffered significant losses at the hands of the Basques. They would only be able to establish the Marca Hispanica a decade later, when Barcelona was finally captured. Zaragoza remained an important Muslim city, capital of the Upper March and later of an independent emirate, until the 11th century.

Defenceless Pamplona was captured by the Muslims soon after and held by them for some years, until in 798-801 a rebellion expelled them as well and helped to consolidate the Banu Qasi realm and eventually the constitution of the independent Kingdom of Pamplona in 824.

Legend

Over the years, this battle was romanticized by oral tradition into a major conflict between Christians and Muslims, when in fact both sides in the battle were Christian. In the tradition, the Basques are replaced by a force of 400,000 Saracens. (Charlemagne did fight the Saracens in Iberia, though not in the Pyrenees.) "The Song of Roland", which commemorates the battle, was written by an unknown troubadour of the 11th century. It is the earliest surviving of the "chansons de geste" or epic poems of medieval France in the northern dialect or "langue d'oïl" of what became the French language. There is a tombstone near the Roncevaux Pass commemorating the area where it is traditionally held that Roland died. Several traditions also state that Roland was slain by a child who, in time, would become the very first king of Navarre: Iñigo Arista.fact|date=September 2008

There is an alternate medieval Iberian legend involving Bernardo del Carpio, a medieval Leonese hero, whom some stories hold to be the vanquisher of Roland at Roncevaux.fact|date=September 2008

econd and Third battles of Roncevaux

In the year 812 there was a second Battle in the same pass, that ended in stalemate due to the greater precautions taken by the Franks.

In the year 824 was the maybe more important Third Battle of Roncevaux, where counts Eblus and Aznar, Frankish vassals, were captured by the joint forces of Pamplona and the Banu Qasi, consolidating the independence of both Basque realms. [ [http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/38128?op=4&primR=21&regs=10&idi=en&EIKVOGEN=Ducado%20Vasconia&pos=25 Ducado de Vasconia (Auñamendi Encyclopedia)] ]

Value for comparative history

In the case of the Battle of Roncevaux, historians possess both the description of an event by contemporary and fairly reliable sources and the depiction of the same event resulting from centuries of an oral tradition, in which it was magnified to epic proportions and changed almost unrecognizably.

The ability here to compare both accounts, and trace how an actual historical event is transformed into myth, is useful for the study of other events of which the only existing account is one deriving from centuries of oral tradition, and in which historians need to try to reconstruct the actual historical facts and separate them from later myth (for example, Homer's depiction of the Trojan War or the Biblical account of the Exodus).

In popular culture

The battle is referenced to in the chorus of Týr's song The Edge on their 2004 album Eric the Redalso referred to in Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises"

Roland is a playable unit in Microsoft's real-time strategy game, .

ee also

* Duchy of Vasconia
* Kingdom of Navarre
* La Brèche de Roland

External links

* [http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&manuscript=msdigby23b Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland] , readable online images of the complete original, Bodleian Library MS. Digby 23 (Pt 2), "La Chanson de Roland", Anglo-Norman, 12th century, ?2nd quarter.
* [http://www.bartleby.com/49/2/ The Song of Roland, trans. John O'Hagan]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/183/18.html "Battle of Roncesvalles" by Thomas Bulfinch (1796–1867), from "Legends of Charlemagne"]
* [http://www.sewanee.edu/Spanish/santiago/carpio.html Romances de Bernardo del Carpio] es icon
* [http://www.rencesvals.com Roncesvalles carolingio y jacobeo] es icon

References

Bibliography

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