Kammanadu

Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

Geography

The region straddled from the southern bank of Krishna river up to Kandukur (Prakasam Dt.). The word Kammanadu is derived from Karmarashtram (Sanskrit) or Kammaratham (Pali). Buddhism flourished in this region from 3rd century BC onwards. It is obvious that name was derived from the Theravada Buddhist concept of Karma (Kamma). Dharanikota, near Amaravati on the bank of Krishna river (Guntur Dt.) was the ancient capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty and the Satavahana dynasty which ruled South India for five centuries.

The region is famous for the exquisite sculpture found in the Buddhist stupas of Bhattiprolu, Nagarjunakonda and Amaravati. The ancient Brahmi script found in the inscriptions at Bhattiprolu was the progenitor of modern Telugu and Tamil scripts.

Inscriptions

The mention of Karmarashtram is noticed first in the inscriptions of Ikshvaku king Madhariputra Purushadatta (3rd century A.D) found at Bethavolu (Jaggayyapeta). The next record is the inscription of Pallava king Kumara Vishnu II, son of Buddha Varma found in the village Chenduluru. The third record is that of Eastern Chalukya king Mangi Yuvaraja (627-696 AD) which goes as:

"Srisarvalokasraya maharajah kammarashtre chendaluri grame" (Sanskrit)

In all contemporary inscriptions (3rd to 11th century AD) the words Kammarashtram, Kammaratham, Kammakaratham, Karmarashtram, Karmakaratham and Karmakarashtram, Kammakarashtram were interchangeably used.

Pavuluri Mallana, the contemporary of the great king Rajaraja Narendra (1022-1063 AD) wrote:

"Ila Kammanati lopala vilasillina Pavuluri vibhudan" (Telugu)

The subsequent inscriptions of Telugu Chodas and Kakatiyas mentioned ‘Kammanadu’ (E.g., Konidena inscription of Tribhuvana Malla – 1146 AD). During the rule of the Kakatiya emperor Prataparudra II, one Boppana Kamaya was ruling Kammanadu with Katyadona (Konidena) as the capital.

It is not known clearly when the usage of the word Kammanadu ceased. However, the name survives on as the denomination of a social group ‘Kamma’ (See Kamma (caste)), predominantly found in the region.

References

* Burgess, J. 1886, Buddhist Stupas of Amaravathi and Jaggayyapeta, Madras Presidency, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 110.

* Epigraphica Indica, Vol VIII, pp. 233-236 (Chandaluru copper plate inscription of Kumara Vishnu)

* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XV, pp. 249-252 (Ongole copper plate inscription of Pallava king Vijaya Skandavarma)

* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XXIV, pp. 137-143 (Chura inscription of Vishnugopa)

* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XVIII, p. 250 (Kopparapu copper plate inscription of Pulakesi II, 7th century CE)

* Epigraphica Indica, Vol XVIII, p. 27 (Aluru inscription of Chalukya king Vikramaditya V, 1011 CE).

* South Indian Inscriptions, Volume 6, Inscriptions 124, 128, 129, 132, 139, 147, and 179.http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/