West Bank closures

The West Bank closure system is a series of obstacles including permanent and partially manned checkpoints, concrete roadblocks and barriers, metal gates, earthmounds, tunnels, trenches, and an elaborate set of permit restrictions that controls and restricts Palestinian movement. cite web|title=West bank: Closure Count and Anaylsis - Occupied Palestinian Territory|publisher=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=September 2006|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/Closure_count_analysis_sept06.pdf]

Rationale and impact

The Israeli government states that the system is designed to protect Israeli citizens from Palestinian militant attacks that have killed over 1,000 Israelis since September 2000. In practice, the closure system has divided communities from their land and one another and restricted Palestinian access to health and education services, their places of work and sites of religious worship.

Physical makeup

The number of checkpoints and physical obstacles and their uses and locations varies. While some are located so as to restrict Palestinian access to Israeli areas, most of them "do not restrict the interaction between Israelis and Palestinians, but rather between Palestinians and Palestinians". [cite web|title=From a 2004 B'tselem report as quoted in "Effects of armed conflict on access to emergency health care in Palestinian West Bank: systematic collection of data in emergency departments"|author=Henrik Brønnum-Hansen & Karin Helweg-Larsen et al.|date=3 April 2006|publisher=BMJ|accessdate=03.19.2007|url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/332/7550/1122?ehom] Organizations like the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, who track such developments have reported a recent upward trend; increasing from 376 in August 2005 to 528, as of September 2006. Of these, 83 were checkpoints manned by IDF and/or Border Police and another were 445 unmanned checkpoints and obstacles.

Checkpoints

Manned checkpoints usually consist of a barrier with observation towers and other physical blocks used to control pedestrian and vehicular access.

There are 8 partial checkpoints, ie; an established checkpoint operating periodically. Partial checkpoints also exist within 'Israel proper' and are applied to all citizens. A metal gate, often manned by IDF, is sometimes used to control movement along roads. There are 67 of these in the West Bank.Fact|date=February 2007

There are also flying checkpoints which are unannounced spot-checks spontaneously erected for a period of time, often on key transportation routes at peak travelling times. In July, August and September 2006, flyings checkpoints were used an average of 165 times per week.

Observation towers

These are elevated military towers to monitor/control Palestinian pedestrian and vehicular access.

Anti-vehicle barriers

A series of one metre concrete blocks or mounds of rubble, dirt and rocks are sometimes used to obstruct Palestinian vehicle access to settlements or to prevent bypassing of checkpoints when entering controlled access routes. There are currently 50 block sites and 275 separate earth mounds in the West Bank.Fact|date=February 2007 There are currently 10 separate trenches in the West Bank making 31,000 metres of trenches. These are placed to prevent vehicle access.Fact|date=February 2007

Road barriers

Secures the passage of Israeli settlers on restricted roads. These fences impede Palestinians from traveling over major roads leading to the main cities. There are 25 of these in the West Bank totalling 37,600 metres.

Permit system

The permit system is complex and applied differently from region to region. A permit eases travel and reduces the risk of being turned back at a checkpoint. Permits are necessary for crossing specific checkpoints, accessing the Jordan Valley, the 'closed area' between the Green Line and the Israeli West Bank Barrier and for entering East Jerusalem.

Barrier gates

Allows restricted movement through the West Bank barrier to Palestinian lands and to Israel. Permits are required for Palestinians to pass through a gate. Thirty-eight of the seventy-three Barrier gates are open to Palestinians with appropriate permits.

ee also

* Seam Zone
* West Bank Division
* Israel Border Police

References

External links

* [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf Report by World Bank Technical Team on Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank]
* [http://www.nlg.org/programs/mideast/name_of_security.pdf National Lawyer's Guild Delegation]
* [http://www.ochaopt.org U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Occupied Palestinian Territory]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/WestBank_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of West Bank closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/EastJerusalem_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of East Jerusalem region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Nablus_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Nablus region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Tubas_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Tubas region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Salfit_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Salfit region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Ramallah_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Ramallah region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Qalqiliya_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Qalqiliya region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Jenin_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Jenin region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Hebron_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Hebron region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Bethlehem_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Bethlehem region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Jericho_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Jericho region closures - Jun 06]
* [http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/opt/maps/Closure/Jun06/Tulkarm_closure_June06.pdf OCHA oPt map of Tulkarm region closures - Jun 06]