Normal number (computing)

Floating-point precisions
IEEE 754: 16-bit: Half (binary16) 32-bit: Single (binary32), decimal32 64-bit: Double (binary64), decimal64 128-bit: Quadruple (binary128), decimal128 Other: Minifloat · Extended precision Arbitrary precision

In computing, a normal number is a non-zero number in a floating-point representation which is within the balanced range supported by a given floating-point format.

The magnitude of the smallest normal number in a format is given by b^emin, where b is the base (radix) of the format (usually 2 or 10) and emin depends on the size and layout of the format.

Similarly, the magnitude of the largest normal number in a format is given by

b^emax × (b − b^1−p),

where p is the precision of the format in digits and emax is (−emin)+1.

In the IEEE 754 binary and decimal formats, p, emin, and emax have the following values:

Format	p	emin	emax
binary16	11	−14	15
binary32	24	−126	127
binary64	53	−1022	1023
binary128	113	−16382	16383
decimal32	7	−95	96
decimal64	16	−383	384
decimal128	34	−6143	6144

For example, in the smallest decimal format, the range of positive normal numbers is 10⁻⁹⁵ through 9.999999 × 10⁹⁶.

Non-zero numbers smaller in magnitude than the smallest normal number are called denormal (or subnormal) numbers. Zero is neither normal nor subnormal.