Moolaadé

Moolaadé
Directed by	Ousmane Sembène
Produced by	Ousmane Sembène Thierry Lenouvel
Written by	Ousmane Sembène
Starring	Fatoumata Coulibaly
Music by	Boncana Naiga
Cinematography	Dominique Gentil
Editing by	Abdellatif Raïss
Release date(s)	15 May 2004 (Cannes Film Festival)
Running time	120 minutes
Country	Senegal / France / Burkina Faso / Cameroon / Morocco / Tunisia
Language	French / Bambara

Moolaadé ("magical protection") is a 2004 film by the Senegalese writer and director Ousmane Sembène. It addresses the subject of female genital mutilation, a common practice in a number of African countries, especially those immediately south of the Sahara Desert. The film was a co-production between companies from several Francophone nations: Senegal, France, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Morocco, and Tunisia. It was filmed in the remote village of Djerrisso, Burkina Faso.

The film is set in a village in Burkina Faso. The film argues strongly against the practice, depicting a village woman, Collé, who uses moolaadé (magical protection) to protect a group of girls. She is opposed by the villagers who believe in the necessity of female genital cutting, which they call "purification".

Historical Context

To outsiders, the act known as "female genital cutting" is often shocking. Practitioners surgically remove part or all of the female genitals. Traditionally, it is cut with an iron sheet or a knife, then sutured back with needlework or a thorn. Because there is no anesthetic during the whole process, the disinfection is not thorough, therefore many girls died of the excessive loss of blood or the wound infection. "Dr Rosemary Mburu, a Kenyan gynaecologist has estimated that 15 percent of all circumcised females die of bleeding or infections." ^[1]Even the girls who survive the circumcision will endure lifelong pain. The lower part of the body is always in pain while having sexual intercourse, urinating, or even working. This might also affect fertility.

"Although the precise origins of Female Genital Cutting are unclear, the practice dates back to antiquity (Lightfoot-Klein 1989) Female Genital Cutting can be traced back as far as the second century B.C., when a geographer, Agatharchides of Cnidus, wrote about Female Genital Cutting on the western coast of the Red Sea (modern-day Egypt) (Mackie 1996). Based on the current geographic locations of Female Genital Cutting, the practice appears to have originated there with infibulation and spread southward and westward while diminishing to clitoridectomy (Mackie 1996). Some surmise that female genital cutting is rooted in the Pharaonic belief in the bisexuality of the gods (Meinardus 1967; Assaad 1980). According to this belief, mortals reflected this trait of the gods-every individual possessed both a male and a female soul. The feminine soul of the man was located in the prepuce of the penis; the male soul of the women was located in the clitoris. For healthy gender development, the female soul had to be excised from the man and the male soul excised from the women. Circumcision was thus essential for boys to become men; and girls, women (Meinardus 1967, 388-89)"^[2] In the world, there are approximately 130,000,000 women who accept the female circumcision excision, that is about 2,000,000 women everyday. It is mainly popular in Africa, but the procedure is also practised on the Arabian Peninsula. The country in which it is most prevalent is probably Egypt, followed Sudan, Ethiopia and Mali. In recent years, Egyptian legislated to forbid the female circumcision.

The circumcision is sometimes done by the girl's mother and female relatives, moreover, the father must stand at the side of the door to protect this work symbolically. The young girl sits on a chair, restrained by other women. Then an old woman opens hers lip of vulva, fixes with the needle in the one side?, lets the clitoris entire dew come out?. Then glans clitoridis are cut with a kitchen knife, then the other parts of the clitoris. There is also a woman who is responsible for wiping off the blood unceasingly, and the girl's mother puts in the finger in the incision to pull out the entire organs. The girl always screams pitifully, but no one pays attention to her pain. When the mother excises the clitoris, she will cut flesh away from the bone, even around the lip of vulva. Then the mother will use her finger to dig everywhere in the wound, simultaneously letting another woman touch the wound, to make sure that all organs have excised cleanly with no part remaining. Afterwards, the girl's mother will also cut away the entire lip of vulva. At this moment, the brutal second part officially starts. After the previous steps, the girl will most likely have lost consciousness more than once, so the women use medicines to revive the girl. Other neighbor women discreetly supervise the mother as she carries out her work. Because some girls are unable to withstand the severe pain, they sometimes try to nip the tongue to commit suicide. Therefore there is a woman to inspect girls' mouths carefully. They scatter pepper on the tongue to let it retract immediately between lips. After the surgery is completed, the mother will uses locust tree acicular to suture the both sides of the remaining genitalia, leaving only a very small aperture to drain the menstruation. The smaller this hole is, the more highly the girl will be valued.

There is no simple answer to the question why people do it. It is practised by different ethnicities, also religions, including Muslims, Christians, and Jews, as well as followers of traditional African religions. "A good example of variation is found in the survey search done by Rushman and colleagues in Sudan. Reporting on a sample of 1,804 female and 1,787 male respondents, the authors found that answers to the questions of why female circumcision was practised (where more than one reason could be given) varied a great deal. The majority of men (59percent) said it was a "good tradition" (42 percent), but only 28 percent of men gave that reason. Substantial number of men (28 percent) and women (19 percent) said it promoted cleanliness, while relatively few thought it promoted fertility (1 percent of women and 2 percent of men). Surprisingly, only about one-tenth explicitly mentioned protecting virginity and preventing immortality (10 percent of women, 11 percent of men), and even fewer said it "increases chances of marriage" (9 percent of women and 4 percent of men). Quite a few (13 percent of women and 21 percent of men) mentioned the increase in the pleasure of the husband as a reason. Similar results are reported for Somalia in a study by Dirie and Lindmark (1991), with religion playing a major role in people's justifications for female circumcision. Allowing respondents just one choice of reason to justify female circumcision, they found that of the 290 female interviewees in their survey (of medium to high socioeconomic status), 70 percent stated "religion", 20 percent said "to remain virgin in order to get married", and 10 percent said “tradition”." ^[3]

Plot

The film is set in a colourful Burkina Faso village dotted with immense, man-tall anthills, and a mosque made from clay that resembles a gigantic hedgehog. The village is a symbol of green Africa, a time capsule that nonetheless is not immune to the influences of the outside and ‘modern’ world.^[4]

Collé is the second of her husband's three wives. She is the most intelligent, humorous, charming, and is also loved most by her husband, a temperate enlightened man. Her nubile daughter, Amasatou, has got engaged, although she had not undergone female genital cutting, which is considered a prerequisite for marriage by the local tradition. Collé opposes this practise. This has led the elders in the village, men as well as other women, to despise her daughter. Amasatou herself unceasingly requests to have her genitals cut to secure her social status and marriagability, but Collé remains unmoved. She is willing to protect not only her daughter from the life-threatening genital cutting but also four little girls who joined her to escape this practise. Collé then pulls up a symbolic witchcraft, the colorful rope Moolaadé, across the gate of the family's premises. Moolaadé interdicts the old women, who carry out the practise and who have been searching for the girls, from entering the house.

In the beginning, the first wife seems to be against Collé's plan to protect the girls. However, later they become closer and she tells Collé that she also opposes female genital cutting. She could not make it so obvious that everyone might notice but has been helping her all the time without anyone noticing.

While facing her daughter's request to be circumcised, Collé explains that she does not want her daughter to end up on the same road as she. Her first reason is that it has too many indefinite outcomes, some of which can be fatal. An even bigger reason is that Collé had two unsuccessful pregnancies before Amasatou, which caused her great physical and emotional pain to the point of near death. In fact, following sexual intercourse with her husband after he returned from a trip, he falls asleep while she is unable to sleep all night because the sexual intercourse brings unbearable pain rather than pleasure. She keeps biting her ring finger and does not dare to say a single word even when it is bleeding. Until dawn, she is awake to wash her body as well as the bloodstain off the bed sheet.

If Collé represents the African women who awakens by her own experiences, then her daughter's fiance Ibrahima, a rich, outstanding, and open-minded young man living in France, represents the audience that observes this barbaric tradition. With knowledge and technologies such as television, he returns to the village and receives the villagers' welcome. He witnesses a funeral of two little girls, who desperately drowned themselves in a well to avoid the mutilation of their genitals. The girl's relatives are very sad, but the incident does not lead the villagers to question their tradition. Ibrahima is shocked and worried by this scene which keeps fermenting in his mind. Meanwhile, Ibrahima's father wants him to renounce his engagement to Amasatou, and marry his innocent eleven year old cousin instead, who already underwent female genital cutting. Ibrahima refuses to do so and visits Amasatou's house despite what the villagers say. He confirms her as his fiancée, regardless of her "impure" status according to the local tradition.

The African women's most important daily entertainment, besides sitting together under the tree shadow enjoying the cool air chat, is enjoying the radio which transmits “the external world”, the news and the music. Some incidents including Ibrahima's revolt against his father on the engagement and Collé‘s protection over the five little girls, including her own daughter, from the life-threatening female genital cutting in the village causes the elders to think that the atmosphere is bad. Collé's husband has lost the ability of controlling his own wife and the elders insist that he beat her in the presence of everyone by a leather whip, in order to “teach” Collé. The elders wants her to utter the magical word so they can take away the four little girls from her protection, but no matter how hard the husband whips her, she still does not say anything. Opposite groups of women shout to her to revoke or to be steadfast, but no woman interferes. When she is at the edge of fainting, the merchant steps out and stops the whipping.

The "womanizer" merchant, is called Mercenaire by people in the village. He is a war veteran who has become a merchant. When he converses with Ibrahima, he accuses him, his father, and his uncle of pedophilia and is suddenly no longer concerned about the money that he could possibly get from the rich young man. He is bringing all the plastic junk to the village; the junk is brightly and boldly colored as the magnificent costumes the people wear in Africa. He sells his stuff at an extremely high prices (he even raises the prices when Ibrahima came to pay for his dad's bill). Later he is hunted out of the village and, when out of sight, murdered.^[4]

During the whipping, one of the four girl's mother steals her daughter from Collé's house and sends her to get her genitals cut, although the little girl tries to resist and screams but fails. That girl dies because of the cutting and the mother regrets doing so but nothing could change the fact that her daughter has left her forever. The other mothers all see the tragedy happened so they change their mind to start opposing genital cutting.

From the men's point of view, the radio is another bad seed for women because it teaches them things from the outside world such as the idea of equality. Therefore, the elders decide that all the radios in the village must be confiscated then burned. Although all of the radios are supposed to be burned, some were being hidden by the women of the village. The women are united because of the pain caused by the genital cutting. They are all mourning for the common experience, they are all awaken, they seize the blade and pursue the genital cutters, shouting “no more genital cutting.” Ibrahima stands up to his dad and saying that he is not going to listen to him, and announces that he is going to marry Amasatou because he is proud of her. The end of the movie is the smoke of the burning radios which implies the change.

Cast

• Fatoumata Coulibaly as Collé Gallo Ardo Sy, the second wife who protects the girls from the female genital cutting.
• Maimouna Hélène Diarra as Hadjatou
• Salimata Traoré as Amasatou
• Dominique Zeïda as Mercenaire
• Mah Compaoré as Doyenne des Exciseuses
• Aminata Dao as Alima Bâ
• Stéphanie Nikiema as Mah
• Mamissa Sanogo as Oumy
• Rasmane Ouedraogo as Ciré Bathily
• Ousmane Konaté as Amath Bathily
• Bakaramoto Sanogo as Abdou
• Modibo Sangaré as Balla Bathily
• Joseph Traoré as Dugutigi
• Théophile Sowié as Ibrahima (as Moussa Théophile Sowié)
• Balla Habib Dembélé as Sacristain (as Habib Dembélé)
• Gustave Sorgho as Bakary
• Cheick Oumar Maiga as Kémo Tiékura
• Sory Ibrahima Koïta as Kémo Ansumana (as Ibrahima Sory Koita)
• Aly Sanon as Konaté
• Moussa Sanogo as Konaté fils
• Naky Sy Savane as Sanata (as Naki Sy Savane)
• Marie Yameogo as Exciseuse (as Marie Augustine Yameogo)
• Mabintou Baro as Exciseuse
• Tata Konaté as Exciseuse
• Fatoumata Sanogo as Exciseuse
• Madjara Konaté as Exciseuse
• Fatoumata Konaté as Exciseuse
• Fatoumata Sanou as Nafissatou
• Mariama Souabo as Jaatu
• Lala Drabo as Saaiba
• Georgette Paré as Niassi
• Assita Soura as Seymabou
• Alimatou Traoré as Binetou
• Edith Nana Kaboré as Ibatou
• Maminata Sanogo as Coumba
• Sanata Sanogo as La Reine mère
• Mafirma Sanogo as Fify

Reception

Critical

This movie received positive reviews over all. Review aggregate Metacritic assigned the film 91/100 based on 26 Critics, in which 24 are positive and 2 are mixed. On the review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, 99% of 72 critics, and 100% of the "Top Critics", gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 8.5/10. Roger EbertIt of Chicago Sun-Times called it "for me the best film at Cannes 2004, a story vibrating with urgency and life. It makes a powerful statement and at the same time contains humor, charm and astonishing visual beauty".^[5] Dana Stevens of The New York Times found "To skip Moolaade would be to miss an opportunity to experience the embracing, affirming, world-changing potential of humanist cinema at its finest." ^[6] Desson Thomson of Washington Post said "Moolaade, in short, is a movie to rock the soul".^[7] Kevin Thomas of Los Angeles Times, said "There's such a rich sense of the fullness of life in Moolaadé that it sustains those passages that are truly and necessarily harrowing".^[8] Melissa Levine of Dallas Observer said "It's not easy to pull off a good morality tale. That's why Moolaad, the new film from 81-year-old Senegalese writer-director Ousmane Sembene, feels like such an exceptional success. Its moral center is painfully clear, but so is its humanity". ^[9]

However, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave a 60 and announced that that "As drama the film mostly serves to illustrate the two sides of this crucial social debate in Africa".^[10] Phil Hall of Film Threat gave only 40/100 and found the movie "Achieves the impossible in taking a genuine socio-political tragedy and turning it into an anvil drama which will fray the patience of the most sympathetic audiences".^[11]

Box Office

"Moolaadé" took in $11,982 on its opening weekend. In 41 weeks, the total domestic is $215,646, foreign $218,907.^[12]

Accolades

The film won the Prix Un Certain Regard and a special mention in the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.^[13] Prominent American film critic Roger Ebert is a big supporter of the film, naming it one of his top ten of the year, and later adding it to his list of great movies.

The film was nominated for the Chlotrudis Award including best actress and best movie in 2005.

Fatoumata Coulibaly won the Cinemanila International Film Festival including best actress in 2005.

Ousmane Sembène was nominated for the European Film Awards including Screen International Award in 2004.

The film was nominated for the image rewards including Outstanding Independent or Foreign Film in 2005.

Ousmane Sembène won the Los Angeles Pan African Film Festival including jury award in 2005.

Ousmane Sembène won the Marrakech International Film Festival including Special Jury Award and was nominated for Ousmane Sembène including Golden Star in 2004.

The film won the National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA including Best Foreign Language Film in 2005.

The film was nominated for the Political Film Society, USA including democracy and human rights in 2005.

References

1. ^ Dorkenoo, Efua (1994). ' ' Cutting the Rose ' ' London, UK: Minority Rights Publications. ISBN 1 873194 60 9
2. ^ Boyle, Elizabeth Heger (2002). ' ' Female Genital Cutting ' ' Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-7063-1.
3. ^ Gruenbaum, Ellen (2001). ' ' The Female Circumcision Controversy ' ' Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3573-8.
4. ^ ^{a b} http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZfEshEdCMgoJ:www.irenees.net/en/fiches/documentation/fiche-documentation-579.html+Moolaadé+merchant&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=safari&source=www.google.com
5. ^ "Moolaade". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041202/REVIEWS/41004005. 
6. ^ Dargis, Manohla. The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/pages/movies/index.html/2004/10/13/movies/13mool.html?oref=login. 
7. ^ Thomson, Desson (3 December 2004). "'Moolaade': Acts of Courage". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A28305-2004Dec2.html. 
8. ^ Zeitchik, Steven. Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/. 
9. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/moolaade/critic-reviews
10. ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/reviews/review_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000512299
11. ^ http://www.filmthreat.com/reviews/6537/
12. ^ http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekly&id=moolaade.htm
13. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Moolaadé". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4198684/year/2004.html. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 

External links

• Moolaadé at the Internet Movie Database
• Moolaadé at AllRovi