White mutiny

The term White Mutiny generally refers to the events surrounding the dissolution of the "European Forces" of the British Honourable East India Company in India during the mid 19th century in the wake of the Indian Mutiny of 1857

Background

There were two sets of military forces under British control operating in India. One was the units of the British Army known as the "Queen's" army, the other were the units of the East India Company (EIC). The Company's troops were a mixture of "European" regiments of Britons and "Native" regiments recruiting from the locality with British officers.

The Queens Army was the sovereign crown's military force. The British Army officer class was characterized by Officers who had "Purchased commission" and then risen by further purchase, seniority or battlefield commission. The positions of officers of the European regiments were not bought by purchase but advancement was solely on seniority.

Units of the EIC received "batta" extra allowances of pay to cover various expenditures relating to operations out of the home territories while British Army units did not. Officers of the British Army were senior to those of the same rank in the EIC.

The dissimilarities in the physical makeup of these two forces lead to many cultural differences in how they operated and how they viewed each other. These cultural differences lead to deep misunderstandings between the two forces

After the mutiny of native units of the Company's forces in 1857, the Crown took over the affairs of the Company. With the takeover of the Company's activities its units were transferred to the Crown.

"Mutiny"

In the negotiations of the terms for the transfer the President of the East India Company (Stanley) did not give the "European Forces" representation nor give them notice of their transfer to the "Queens Army".Fact|date=June 2007 Another was a result of Canning's legalistic interpretation of the laws surrounding the transfer. A third was in the misunderstanding that stemmed from cultural differences between the two forces, a misunderstanding that was aggravated by influential articles printed by British periodicals of the time. Articles that wrongly painted the "European Force" as undisciplined, unhealthy, and mutinous in nature.

The laws were quite clear and the legality of the transfer was well established, but by ignoring the "Humanity" of the people it affected, The officers and men of the "European Forces" were alienated to the point of open mutiny. Aggravating the condition was the still unsettled Indian rebellion of 1857. The White Mutiny of the "European Forces" was seen as a potential undermining of the already rocky British rule in India with a potential of inciting renewed rebellion among the 'still excited population throughout India'.

The White Mutiny was highly successful in meeting its aims. The demands of the "European Forces" officers and men were centralized around a demand for either an enlistment bonus/bounty or release from their obligations. In this aim they were highly successful in achieving a free and clear release. However, the events that occurred at some of their installations were such that it eventually destroyed any possibility of the "European Forces" being generally accepted into the "Queens Army". These events included open rebellion and physical violence both on the part of the men and the officers of the "European Forces".Fact|date=June 2007

In popular culture

* In Robert A. Heinlein's book "The Number Of The Beast" it is presented as form of non violent protest.

References

* Cardew, Alexander Gordon. "The white mutiny, a forgotten episode in the history of the Indian army". London,: Constable, 1929.
* Peter Stanley's "White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India".

External links

* http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2006/03/the_racial_ideo.php
* http://www.nyupress.org/books/White_Mutiny-products_id-1146.html