Gheorghe Şincai

Gheorghe Şincai (February 28 1754 – November 2 1816) was an ethnic Romanian Transylvanian historian, philologist, translator, poet, and representative of the Enlightenment-influenced Transylvanian School.

As the director of Greek Catholic education in Transylvania he brought a fundamental contribution to the process of promoting culture in rural environments. With Samuil Micu he composed the first written grammar of the Romanian language: "Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae" ("The elements of the Daco-Roman or Wallachian language") (Vienna, 1780), in which he demonstrated the Latin origins of the Romanian language.

Biography

Born in Râciu de Câmpie, Mureş County, he studied at Târgu-Mureş, Cluj, Bistriţa, Blaj, Vienna and Rome (in the last two cities together with Samuil Micu, nephew of Bishop Inocenţiu Micu-Klein).

He turned out to be a polyglot, thoroughly mastering Greek, Latin, Hungarian, German, Italian and French. His knowledge and culture allowed him to occupy the function of librarian of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in Rome, having permission to research any type of document. In the Papal States, and later in Hungary and in Vienna (the capital of the Habsburg domains), he carried out research work in various libraries, copying and transcribing exactly any reference to the history of the Romanians.

Şincai assiduously worked to educate commoners, dedicating himself to a career in teaching, and contributing to the establishment of an impressive number of Greek-Catholic parochial schools (in all, over 300). In 1784 he was named general director of Romanian Uniate schools in all of Transylvania.

He translated and expanded the following basic textbooks for educational purposes: "Abecedarul" ("The Book of ABCs"), "Gramatica" ("Grammar"), "Aritmetica" ("Arithmetic") and "Catehismul" ("The Catechism"), adapting or creating the terminology necessary for pupils to understand these. He proved himself to be a remarkable translator, rendering the Bible into Romanian (in 1789, under the name of "The Blaj Bible").

In 1794 Şincai came into direct conflict with Bishop Ion Bob; he was thrown into the harsh prison of Aiud, being followed and persecuted by the Habsburg authorities after his release in 1796.

In 1811 Şincai published a work of history, written in the form of annals and amply titled: "Hronica românilor şi a mai multor neamuri în cât au fost ele amestecate cu românii, cât lucrurile, întâmplările şi faptele unora faţă de ale altora nu se pot scrie pre înţeles, din mai multe mii de autori, în cursul a treizeci şi patru de ani culese" ("The chronicle of the Romanians and of other peoples insofar as they were mixed with the Romanians, as the things, events and facts of the one regarding the other cannot be written as if everyone understands them, from several thousand authors, gathered over the course of thirty-four years").

Şincai died at Sinea, near Košice in present-day Slovakia.