FokI (biology)

The enzyme FokI, naturally found in "Flavobacterium okeanokoites", is a bacterial type IIS restriction endonuclease consisting of an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a non-specific DNA cleavage domain at the C-terminal.cite journal | author = Durai S, Mani M, Kandavelou K, Wu J, Porteus M, Chandrasegaran S | title = Zinc finger nucleases: custom-designed molecular scissors for genome engineering of plant and mammalian cells | journal = Nucleic Acids Res | volume = 33 | issue = 18 | pages = 5978–90 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16251401 | url = http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/33/18/5978 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gki912 ] Once the protein is bound to duplex DNA via its DNA-binding domain at the 5'-GGATG-3': 5'-CATCC-3' recognition site, the DNA cleavage domain is activated and cleaves non-specifically between nine and 13 nucleotides downstream of the recognition site.cite journal| last=Wah| first= D. A.| coauthors=J. Bitinaite, Schildkraut, I., Aggarwal, A. K.| year=1998| title=Structure of FokI has implications for DNA cleavage| journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A| volume=95| issue=18| pages=10564–9| doi=10.1073/pnas.95.18.10564| pmid=9724743]

Its molecular mass is 65.4 kDa, being comprised of 587 amino acids.

DNA-binding domain

The recognition domain contains three subdomains (D1, D2 and D3) that are evolutionarily related to the DNA-binding domain of the catabolite gene activator protein which contains a helix-turn-helix.

DNA-cleavage domain

DNA cleavage is mediated through the non-specific cleavage domain which also includes the dimerisation surface.cite journal| last=Bitinaite| first=J.| coauthors= D. A. Wah, Aggarwal, A. K., Schildkraut, I.| year=1998| title=FokI dimerization is required for DNA cleavage| journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A| volume= 95| issue=18| pages=10570–5| doi=10.1073/pnas.95.18.10570| pmid=9724744] The dimer interface is formed by the parallel helices α4 and α5 and two loops P1 and P2 of the cleavage domain.

Activity

When the nuclease is unbound to DNA, the endonuclease domain is sequestered by the DNA-binding domain and is released through a conformational change in the DNA-binding domain upon binding to its recognition site. Cleavage only occurs upon dimerisation, when the recognition domain is bound to its cognate site and in the presence of magnesium ions.

Exploitation

The endonuclease domain of FokI has been used in several studies, after combination with a variety of DNA-binding domains such as the zinc finger (see zinc finger nuclease).

One of several human vitamin D receptor gene variants is a single nucleotide polymorphism in the start codon of the gene which can be distinguished through the use of the FokI enzyme.cite journal| last=Strandberg| first=S.| coauthors= et al.| year=2003| title=Vitamin D receptor start codon polymorphism (FokI) is related to bone mineral density in healthy adolescent boys| journal=J Bone Miner Metab.| volume= 21| issue=2| pages=109–13| pmid = 12601576| doi=10.1007/s007740300018]

References

See also

*Protein engineering
*Genetic engineering
*Zinc finger nuclease