Strategic Hamlet Program

The Strategic Hamlet Program was a plan by the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War to combat the Communist insurgency by means of population transfer.

In 1961, U.S. advisors in South Vietnam, along with the Diem regime, began the implementation of a plan attempted to isolate rural peasants from contact with and influence by the
National Liberation Front (NLF). The Strategic Hamlet Program, along with its predecessor, the Rural Community Development Program, played an important role in the shaping of events in South Vietnam during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Both of these programs attempted to separate rural peasants from Communist insurgents by creating fortified villages and forcing the peasants to take an active role in the civil war. The program backfired drastically and ultimately led to a decrease in support for Diem’s regime and an increase in sympathy for Communist efforts.

With tactics such as sabotage, assassinations, and surprise attacks on government troops, guerrillas attempted to gain the support of the rural populace for recruits, shelter, supplies, and most importantly, information. Communist forces saw the allegiance of the non-combatant population as paramount to their eventual success and therefore attempted to gain the cooperation of the people through either propaganda or coercion.

Background and origins

Starting around 1954, Viet Minh sympathizers in the South were subject to escalating repression by the RVN. In 1959 the Vietnam National Liberation Front was formed and rapidly achieved de facto control over large sections of the South Vietnamese countryside. At the time, it is believed that there were approximately 10,000 Communist insurgents throughout South Vietnam. Recognizing the danger that the guerrillas posed if they had the support of the peasants, President Diem and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu implemented the Rural Community Development Program (later known as "Agroville") in 1959. Based partly on the success of a similar program in Malaysia used by the British to suppress a communist uprising beginning in 1948, the Agroville Plan endeavored to remove the "neutral" population from guerrilla contact. Through direct force and/or incentives, peasants in rural communities were separated and relocated into large communities called "Agrovilles". By 1960, there were twenty-three of these Agrovilles, each consisting of many thousand of people.

This mass resettlement created a strong backlash from peasants and forced the central government to rethink its strategy. A report put out by the Caravelle group, consisting of among others, Bishop Thuc (a brother of Diem) described the situation as follows:

: "Tens of thousands of people are being mobilized… to take up a life in collectivity, to construct beautiful but useless agrovilles which tire the people, lose their affection, increase their resentment and most of all give an additional terrain for propaganda to the enemy."

trategic Hamlet Program

In 1961, the government of South Vietnam (GVN) along with several U.S. advisors and the head of BRIAM (British Advisory Mission to South Vietnam), Sir Robert Thompson, (who was closely involved with the successful Malayan resettlement), began reforming the Agroville Plan into what was to become the Strategic Hamlet Program. The new plan called for smaller communities (less than a thousand residents) erected on both existing and newly developed settlements. The GVN wanted to create a new infrastructure with the intention that the Vietnamese peasants would come to identify Diem and his regime as the legitimate government. In a speech given in April 1962, Diem declared his ultimate goal for the Program:

: "... strategic hamlets represented the basic elements in the war undertaken by our people against our three enemies: communism, discord, and underdevelopment. In this concept they also represent foundation of the Vietnamese society where values are reassessed according the personalist revolution where social, cultural, and economic reform will improve the living conditions of the large working class down to the remotest village."

The fundamental idea was to give the peasants enough motivation to want to support the government and at the same time, fight off the NLF.

Problems faced by the program

In theory, the hamlets were to be heavily fortified and guarded by both residents of the communities and national patrols. Each hamlet was to have its own radio transmitter for communication with the central government in Saigon as well as an arrangement that included supply lines and medical and educational programs. These programs never materialized for most of the hamlets.

The very high rate of implementation is consideredWho|date=September 2007 to be one of the main causes for its eventual failure. The Pentagon Papers reported that in September 1962, 4.3 million people were housed in 3,225 completed hamlets with more than two thousand still under construction. By July 1963, over 8.5 million people had been settled in 7,205 hamlets according to figures given by the Vietnam Press. In less than a year, both the number of completed hamlets and its population had doubled. Given this rapid rate of construction, the GVN was unable to fully support or protect the hamlets or its residents, despite the immense funding by the United States government. NLF insurgents easily sabotaged and overran the poorly defended communities, gaining much sought access to the South Vietnamese peasants. It is estimated that only twenty percent of the hamlets in the Mekong Delta area were controlled by the GVN by the end of 1963. In an in interview, a resident of a hamlet in Vinh-Long describes the situation:

: "It is dangerous in my village because the civil guard from the district headquarters cross the river to the village only in the daytime… leaving the village unprotected at night. The village people have no protection from the Viet Cong [NLF] so they will not inform on them to the authorities."

There are several other important problems that the GVN faced in addition to those created by the failure to provide basic social needs for the peasants and over-extension of its resources. One of these was wide public opposition to the program caused partly by aggressive NLF information campaigns, but also brought about by the inability of the program committee to choose safe and agriculturally sound locations for the development of the hamlets. Some peasants were also angry at having to walk further to their rice paddies, others were upset for religious reasons at having to leave the site of their ancestors' burial, and, as another group of observers reported:

: "Peasants resented working without pay to dig moats, implant bamboo stakes, and erect fences against an enemy that did not threaten them but directed its sights against government officials."

However, according to the Pentagon Papers, the most important source of failure was the inflexible nature of the Ngo family. This, coupled with an unrealistic optimism held by the Diem government and U.S. advisors, made success of the program virtually impossible. Facing all of these challenges, the Strategic Hamlet Program finally collapsed with the assassination of President Diem in late 1963 and the disbanding of the Committee for Strategic Hamlets in early 1964.

References

* [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-11/hilsman1.html Episode 11 Vietnam] "An interview with Roger Hilsman" in the National Security Archive.

See also

* population transfer
* counter-insurgency
* Phoenix Program
* Free-fire zones
* Villagization
* Briggs Plan
* New Village