Surbahar

Infobox Instrument
name=Surbahar
names=


classification=
*Necked bowl lutes
*String instruments
range=
related=
*Angélique (instrument)
*Archlute
*Balalaika
*Barbat (lute)
*Bağlama
*Biwa
*Bouzouki
*Charango
*Chitarra Italiana
*Daguangxian
*Đàn tỳ bà
*Dombra
*Domra
*Dutar
*Electric pipa
*Erhu
*Irish bouzouki
*Liuqin
*Lute
*Mandocello
*Mandola
*Mandolin
*Oud
*Pandura
*Pipa
*Rubab
*Setar
*Sitar
*Surbahar
*Tanbur
*Tanbur (Turkish)
*Tembûr
*Theorbo
*Tiorbino
*Tiqin
*Topshur
*Veena
*ZhonghuThe "Surbahar" (Hindi: सुर बहार; also known as bass sitar) is a plucked string instrument used in the Hindustani classical music of North India. It is related to the better-known sitar but has a lower tone. It is usually pitched two octaves below the standard sitar but as Indian classical music has no concept of absolute pitch, this may vary. The "surbahar" is over 130 cm (51 inches) long, uses a dried pumpkin as a resonator, and has a neck made of teak with very long frets that allow a glissando of six notes on the same fret by the method of pulling.

The instrument's neck is made of "tun" ("Cedrela tuna"), or teak wood. The neck is fixed on a large pumpkin used as a resonator, and the instrument can emit low frequencies (less than 20 Hz). The "surbahar" has four rhythm strings ("cikari"), four playing strings (the thickest is 1 mm in diameter) and 15 to 17 unplayed sympathetic strings. All these strings lie on a flat bridge. This type of bridge considerably amplifies the sound and the spectrum, as the vibrating string hits the flat part of the bridge. The strings are played by way of a metallic plectrum fixed on the index of the right hand, the "mizrab". Three metallic plectrums are used to play the "dhrupad" style of "alap", "jor", and "jhala" on the surbahar. In the "dhrupad" style of playing the surbahar, instead of performing the "sitarkhani" and "masitkhani" gats the slow "dhrupad" composition is played in accompaniment with the "pakhawaj".

According to some, the "surbahar" was developed around 1825. Its invention is generally attributed to Ustad Sahebdad Khan, although recent research shows that it may actually have been invented by a lesser known Lucknow-based sitarist named Ustad Ghulam Mohammed. [http://www.ragascape.com/Ragascapes/3.html]

A "surbahar" solo (a portion of the "alap" of raga Bihag) may be seen in a scene from Satyajit Ray's 1958 film "Jalsaghar", played by Waheed Khan, from 29:50 to 31:58. There are few contemporary players of the instrument; notable players include Vidushi Annapurna Devi, Imrat Khan, Irshad Khan, Pandit Budhaditya Mukherjee, Kushal Das, Sri Jagdeep Singh Bedi, Pandit Chandrashekhar Naringrekar, Pandit Pushparaj Koshti,Kokila Vasant Rai, Beenkar Suvir Misra and Shubha Sankaran.

External links

* [http://www.ragascape.com/Ragascapes/3.html Surbahar page at Ragascape.com]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/surbahar.html Surbahar page at Chandrakantha.com]
* [http://www.surbahar.com/ Surbahar.com]

Video

* [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=surbahar "Surbahar" videos]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5769076487538602446 Surbahar Video Performance by Beenkar Suvir Misra, Raga Chandrakauns Alaap, 10 mins]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5769076487538602446 Surbahar Video Performance by Beenkar Suvir Misra , Raga Chandrakauns Jod and Jhala, 10 mins] et4rwfw3

ee also

*Sitar
*Hindustani classical music