Battles of El Teb

The Battles of El Teb (February 4, 1884 and February 29, 1884) took place during the British Sudan Campaign where a force of Sudanese under Osman Digna won a victory over an 3500 strong Egyptian force under the command of General Valentine Baker which was marching to relieve Tokar on the 4th. A second British force under Sir Gerald Graham arrived on the 29th, engaging and defeating Osman Digna with few casualties.

The Background

Britain’s involvement in the Sudan was a consequence of its support for the Khedive of Egypt following the repression of Urabi Pasha's revolt in 1882. Despite Egypt still being nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, the Khedive’s rule was dependent on direct British support, given to ensure the security of the Suez Canal and the elimination of the Sudanese slave trade.

However, the British government under Prime Minister William Gladstone sought to stay out of affairs in Egyptian-governed Sudan, that was threatened by an uprising led by the Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, who declared a "Jihad", against the ‘Turks’, represented by the Egyptian troops. The Mahdist forces enjoyed considerable success against Egyptian troops in 1882 and 1883, and several towns garrisoned by Egyptian troops found themselves surrounded. In their haste to be rid of the Sudanese question, the British urged the Egyptians to evacuate their troops.

The first battle

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict= First Battle of El Teb
partof=the Mahdist War, 1881-1899


caption=
date= February 4, 1884
place= El Teb, nine miles (14 km) southwest of Trinkitat
casus=
territory=
result= Sudanese victory
combatant1= Sudanese
combatant2= flagcountry|United Kingdom
flagcountry|Egypt|Ottoman
commander1= Osman Digna
commander2= Valentine Baker
strength1= 1,000 men
strength2= 3,500 men
casualties1=few
casualties2= 2,300
casualties3=
notes=

The port of Suakin, on the Red Sea, could be supplied by ship and still held out. But further inland, the towns of Tokar and Sinkat were completely cut off. In February 1884, a 3000 strong force was dispatched from Suez to Suakin to relieve the beleaguered garrisons. The command of this force was entrusted to Baker Pasha accompanied by other European officers. From the start the expedition was beset with problems. The greater part of the infantry was formed from Egyptian Gendarmerie Battalions who had enroled on the condition they would serve only for civil service in Egypt. On the news they were being sent to Sudan, many of them deserted, and the others grew dispirited and mutinous.

On the 3rd of February, Baker moved his force by ship from Suakin to Trinkitat, on the coast near Tokar. He set up a camp on the beach, and set off the next day. The Egyptians, who were not used to marching in formation, advanced in a confused mass. At the halting place of El Teb, on the road to Tokar they were attacked by a Mahdist force 1,000 strong. Despite their superiority in numbers and weaponry, the troops became panic-stricken, and fled after firing a single volley. The Mahdists caught up with them and inflicted huge losses, killing all the European officers who tried to resist. Baker, unable to rally his men, retreated to the camp with the few survivors and managed to protect it from the Mahdists. Of a force of 3,500, barely 700 returned.

After returning to Suakin, Baker tried to organize the defense of the city, but the Egyptian troops had grown distrustful of the British officers, and refused to obey. This defeat sealed the fate of the garrisons: the Sinkat garrison sallied out to try and reach Suakin on foot; they were massacred. The Tokar garrison surrendered without a fight.

The second battle

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict= Second Battle of El Teb
partof=the Mahdist War, 1881-1899


caption=
date= February 29, 1884
place= El Teb, nine miles (14 km) southwest of Trinkitat
casus=
territory=
result= Decisive British victory
combatant1=
combatant2= Mahdist Sudan
commander1= Sir Gerald Graham
commander2= Osman Digna
strength1= 4,500 men, 22 guns, 6 machine-guns
strength2= 10,000 men
casualties1= 30 killed, 142 wounded
casualties2= 2,000 killed
casualties3=
notes=In England, Baker's defeat incensed the imperialist faction, represented by Lord Wolseley, who demanded the intervention of British troops. Reluctantly, the British government agreed and several units returning from India were diverted to Suakin.

On the 21st, the force under the command of Sir Gerald Graham left for El Teb, via Trinkatat. It was composed of 4,500 men with 22 guns and 6 machine guns. On the 29th, they approached the main Mahdist position, on a hill near El Teb. This position consisted of various entrenchments and rifle pits. The Mahdists also had several artillery pieces including Krupp guns captured off the Tokar garrison, some of whom had changed sides, and were now fighting for the Mahdists. The British, forming into a square, circled the Mahdist entrenchments to outflank them, under a dense rifle and cannon fire. After a brief artillery duel, the Mahdist guns were silenced, and the British advanced. The Mahdists hid in trenches to avoid incoming British rifle and artillery, then rushed out in small groups of twenty to thirty warriors [Spiers Edward M.(2005), "Dervishes and Fanaticism: Perception and impact", "in" Hughes M. and Johnson G., "Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age", Cass Series--Military History and Policy. Available [http://pnews.org/ArT/EuR/Dervishes.shtml here] ] instead of the massive attack that was expected. Another tactic was to pretend to lie dead on the battlefield as British cavalry charged through, then, as the cavalry returned at a slower pace back through the ranks of the 'dead', the Mahdists would rise up and slit the hamstrings of the horses then proceed to kill the riders. [ "Fuzzy-Wuzzy; Notes on the text"(by Roger Ayers) at [http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_fuzzywuzzy_notes.htm www.kipling.org.uk] ] At the top of the hill, a village had been fortified by the Mahdists, and here they resisted the most stubbornly. The British infantry had to clear the trenches with bayonets after which the fighting died down.

Graham's force then advanced to Tokar, encountering no further resistance. After the battle, most of the equipment lost by Baker's force was recovered.

The British suffered only light casualties, the Mahdist fire being generally inaccurate. Baker Pasha, who accompanied the force, was wounded in the jaw. The Mahdists suffered heavily from British firepower, losing 2,000 killed.

Consequences of the battles

Upon Sir Graham's return to England, he received the thanks of parliament and was made a Lieutenant General for distinguished service in the field. [ [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/GOA_GRA/GRAHAM_SIR_GERALD_18311899_.html Sir Gerald Graham (1831–1899)] (Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.)] During the second battle itself, actions by Sir Arthur Wilson, then a Captain, were rewarded by a Victoria Cross. [Sir Arthur Wilson VC at [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbwilsoa.htm www.victoriacross.org.uk] ]

No officers were lost in the second battle but Captain Littledale had a narrow escape in a hand to hand conflict with an arab. The arab armed with a knife and Littledale with a pistol that had jammed. The fight went to ground but Littledale was rescued by Corporal Henry Baxter, who saw the struggle and was able to disarm the arab, bayonet him and carry Littledale to safety and later rejoin the battle. Littledale survived even though he had been stabbed several times and was covered in serious bite marks.

The lower ranks played an important part in this battle and the Distinguished Conduct Medal was dispatched to the following on the 3rd July by Queen Victoria herself at Windsor: Colour-Sergeant Charles Wake, Colour-Sergeant Hayward, Sergeant Frank Webb, Lance-Sergeant John Doyle, Lance-Sergeant Henry Haycock, Lance-Sergeant Henry James, Corporal Henry Baxter, Corporal David Dossett.

The battle was part of the escalation of the conflict in the Sudan, a conflict which led to the reconquest of Sudan in 1892, Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener), involving 25,800 men, 8,600 of whom were British, including Winston Churchill.

References

Bibliography

* Archer, Thomas. "The war in Egypt and the Soudan. An episode in the history of the British Empire. "4 Volumes. Blackie & Son, London 1885–1887 (Available at the Cornell University website: [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl411 Volume 1] , [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl312 Volume 2] , [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl311 Volume 3] , [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl310 Volume 4] )

External links

* [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/GOA_GRA/GRAHAM_SIR_GERALD_18311899_.html Sir Gerald Graham (1831–1899) - http://encyclopedia.jrank.org]
* [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbwilsoa.htm Sir Arthur Wilson VC - www.victoriacross.org.uk]
* [http://www.wartimesindex.co.uk/infopage.php?menu=wars&display=EgyptAndSudan Anglo-Sudan war, 1884-1898 - www.wartimesindex.co.uk]