André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat

Born November 30, 1746 in Bordeaux, France, died October 14, 1829.

Early life

André Laffon de Ladebat was the son of Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, a commercial ship owner. He studied in Holland at the Protestant University of Franeker.

In 1763, returning to France after a stay in England, de Ladebat entered his father's naval armaments business, and invested heavily in the development of an "Experimental Farm" in Pessac, and began to deforest the moors of Bordeaux. [http://noes.site.voila.fr/ (La ferme expérimentale de Pessac en Gironde France)] During the same period, he actively participated in the work of the Bordeaux Academy of Sciences, as well as the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, of which he was president.

De Ladebat distinguished himself through his writings on finance, political economy, and the improvement of living conditions. He is especially noted for his 1788 work "Discourse on the Necessity and the Means of Abolishing Slavery in the Colonies" which would be published in Bordeaux and read several years later in a session of the Legislative Assembly, and would be drawn upon by the "Societé des amis des noirs" (Society of Friends of Blacks) with which be became associated. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10697/10697-8.txt]

Career in Revolutionary Politics

De Ladebat was appointed to the Estates-General of 1789, despite his status as a noble. However, as he refused to resign from his post in order to represent the nobility in his département, he was removed from office. While a member of the executive committee of the Gironde in 1790, he was elected to serve as deputy from the Gironde at the Legislative Assembly, where he rejoined the moderate Feuillant royalist party: he presided over the Finance Committee and assumed the presidency of the Legislative Assembly in June, 1792. On June 20, 1792, during the riots at the Tuileries Palace, he defended King Louis XVI and the royal family, an action which led to his arrest the following December.

Though released at the beginning of the Convention, de Ladebat was again imprisoned under the Reign of Terror as suspect because of his connections with the Girondins. He escaped the Revolutionary Tribunal thanks to the government's reliance on his credit in order to finance its operations.

Finally, under the Executive Directory, he was elected a deputy on the Council of Ancients. De Ladebat represented a danger to individuals in compromising or corrupt positions of power in need of enormous financial support. His personal honesty, thoroughness, and devout Protestantism made him a serious challenge to the Directory. Along with Boissy d'Anglais, he unceasingly denounced licentiousness and bureaucratic waste.

18 Fructidor and Exile

De Ladebat was President of the Council of Ancients at the time of the 18 Fructidor coup against the new moderate majority on the Councils. [http://site.voila.fr/18_fructidor_anV (Le coup d'état du 18 fructidor an V)] . He was later deported to French Guyana with sixteen other deputies. He would remain in exile at Sinnamary for over two years with several other deportees, including General Pichegru. Of the sixteen deported to Sinnamary, eight died there or while escaping, six escaped successfully, and two were finally recalled to France.

Return to France and Retirement from Politics

De Ladebat returned to France in February 1800 after intervention from the First Consul, Napoléon Bonaparte. After his return, several "départements" asked him to represent them in the Senate. However, he remained suspicious of Bonaparte, who always had blamed him for denouncing previous acts of violence in Italy, and had demanded his dismissal shortly before the events of 18 Fructidor. Bonaparte, was suspicious of de Ladebat's independence, removed his name from the Senate roles. De Ladebat was the only one of the surviving members of the 18 Fructidor plot to leave politics and return to commerce.

"In an arbitrary monarchy, the Jacobin anarchy, the confusion of the Directory and the military despotism, I saw nothing but contempt for the people," he wrote, explaining his abstention from politics.

Later Life and Death

De Ladebat gained widespread recognition for financial competence and ability after taking over direction of the "Banque Territoriale" and organizing the final liquidation of the "Caisse d'Escompte," a predecessor of the Banque de France.

He sought to repair the damage done to his finances following his deportation after 18 Fructidor; he reclaimed the remainder of his dispersed or confiscated assets and, notably, obtained compensation for the Sartine [http://sartine.site.voila.fr/] , one of his family-owned vessels earlier requisitioned for use in the Indies.

During the Bourbon Restoration, he fell out of favor with the House of Bourbon. He also contributed to the establishment of the Caisses d'Epargne and philanthropic institutions. In 1818, he became the president of the "Protestant Society of Forethought and Mutual Assistance, as well as a member of the Society of Christian Morality". In 1821, he was among the founders of the "Committee for the Abolition of Slavery", along with Auguste de Stael and Charles de Rémusat.

The same year, after a stay in England where he studied the new community and industrial organization systems implemented by Robert Owen at New Lanark, de Ladebat translated the works of Henry Grey Macnab, which relate and analyse his pioneering experiences working for the "Relief and most useful employment of the working class and the poor, and for the education of their children."

Shortly before his death in 1829, he assembled his notes from his deportation to Sinnamary, which would eventually be published by his grandson in 1912 under the title "Journal from my Deportation to French Guiana - Fructidor Year 5 - Ventôse Year 8." He was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. His eulogy was delivered by the then-President of the Conseil d'État, François Guizot. [http://site.voila.fr/Laffon_de_Ladebat (André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat)]

SOURCES :

BOOKS:

= Philippe de Ladebat : "Seuls les morts ne reviennent jamais : les pionniers de la guillotine sèche en Guyane française sous le Directoire" Editions Amalthée 1er trim. 2008http://site.voila.fr/fructidor

= Journal de ma déportation à la Guyane française (Fructidor an V - Ventôse an VIII)Publié d'après les manuscrits inédits. Laffon-Ladebat Président du Conseil des Anciens - Ollendorff 1912

= Memorial d'André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat et correspondances manuscrites non publiées(Archives familiales privées)

= Correspondances de déportation : Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Provence, France.