Quarter-life crisis

The quarterlife crisis (QLC) is a term applied to the period of life immediately following the major changes of adolescence, usually ranging from the early twenties to the early thirties. The term is named by analogy with mid-life crisis. It is now recognized by many therapists and professionals in the mental health field.

Abby Wilner and Alexandra Robbins co-authored the first book to identify this phenomenon: 'Quarterlife Crisis, the Unique Challenges of Life in your Twenties'(Tarcher, 2001). Across the Atlantic, Damian Barr wrote the first book offering practical solutions based on extensive peer research: 'Get It Together: A Guide to Surviving Your Quarterlife Crisis' (Hodder, 2004&2005). A number of other books on the quarterlife phenomenon have since been written in different countries. An early version of the phenomenon was posited by Erik H. Erikson although the current manifestation, as Wilner, Robbins and Barr argue, is different.

Emotional aspects

Characteristics of quarter-life crisis may include:

* feeling "not good enough" because one can't find a job that is at one's academic/intellectual level
* frustration with relationships, the working world, and finding a suitable job or career
* confusion of identity
* insecurity regarding the near future
* insecurity concerning long-term plans, life goals
* insecurity regarding present accomplishments
* re-evaluation of close interpersonal relationships
* disappointment with one's job
* nostalgia for university, college, high school or elementary school life
* tendency to hold stronger opinions
* boredom with social interactions
* loss of closeness to high school and college friends
* financially-rooted stress (overwhelming college loans, unanticipatedly high cost of living, etc.)
* loneliness
* desire to have children
* a sense that everyone is, somehow, doing better than you

These emotions and insecurities are not uncommon at this age, nor at any age in adult life. In the context of the "quarter-life crisis", however, they occur shortly after a young person – usually an educated professional, in this context – enters the "real world". [cite news |url= http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/09/08/the_quarter_life_crisis |title= The quarter-life crisis |work= The Boston Globe |first= Meredith |last= Goldstein |date= September 8, 2004 |accessdate= 2007-09-05] After entering adult life and coming to terms with its responsibilities, some individuals find themselves experiencing career stagnation or extreme insecurity. The individual often realizes the real world is tougher, more competitive and less forgiving than they imagined. Furthermore, the qualifications they have spent so much time and money earning are not likely to prepare them for this disillusionment.

A related problem is simply that many college graduates do not achieve a desirable standard of living after graduation. They often end up living in low-income apartments with roommates instead of having an income high enough to support themselves. High underemployment for college graduates contributed to this problem Fact|date=May 2007; spiraling house prices are exacerbating it. Substandard living conditions, combined with menial or repetitive work at their jobs create a great amount of frustration, anxiety and anger. Nobody wants to admit to feeling like a 'loser'; this secrecy may intensify the problem.

As the emotional ups-and-downs of adolescence and college life subside, many affected by quarter-life crisis experience a "graying" of emotion. While emotional interactions may be intense in a high school or college environment – where everyone is roughly the same age and hormones are highly active – these interactions become subtler and more private in adult life.

Furthermore, a factor contributing to quarter-life crisis may be the difficulty in adapting to a workplace environment. In college, professors' expectations are clearly given and students receive frequent feedback on their performance in their courses. One progresses from year to year in the education system. In contrast, within a workplace environment, one may be, for some time, completely unaware of a boss's displeasure with one's performance, or of one's colleagues' dislike of one's personality. One does not automatically make progress. Office politics require interpersonal skills that are largely unnecessary for success in an educational setting. Emerging adults eventually learn these social skills, but this process – sometimes compared to learning another language – is often highly stressful.

Financial and professional aspects

A primary cause of the stress associated with the "quarter-life crisis" is financial in nature; most professions have become highly competitive in recent years. Positions of relative security – such as tenured positions at universities and "partner" status at law firms – have dwindled in number. This, combined with excessive downsizing, means that many people will never experience occupational security in their lives, and this is doubly unlikely in young adulthood. Generation X was the first generation to meet this uncertain "New Economy" "en masse". There is also the problem of crippling student loans.

The era when a professional career meant a life of occupational security – thus allowing an individual to proceed to establish an "inner life" – is coming to an end. Financial professionals are often expected to spend at least 80 hours per week in the office, and people in the legal, medical, educational, and managerial professions may average more than 60. [State of Hawaii Board of Education & Hawaii State Teachers Association (2005). [http://www.focusmauinui.com/pdf/TimeCommittee%20PreliminaryReport_3-15-07.pdf Time Committee Preliminary Report.] ] [University of Minnesota (1995). [http://www1.umn.edu/usenate/reports/facworkload.html Report of the Faculty Workload Task Force.] ] In most cases, these long hours are "de facto" involuntary, reflecting economic and social insecurity. While these ills plague adults at all ages, their worst victims are ambitious, unestablished young adults.

As mentioned above, severe underemployment exists in today’s economy.Fact|date=February 2008 College graduates are physically and mentally capable of performing many jobs, but lack the "1-2 years of experience" required to get hired and consequently end up doing simple tedious boring jobs for which they are deeply overqualified. In college, students spend all their time working hard to earn good grades and graduate on time, but do not have any "real world" experience with which to secure a job.

This catch-22 is tough for college students: one must have a degree to get hired, but cannot get hired without 1-2 years of practical experience. This cycle is infuriating for recent graduates. The few graduates that do land decent jobs after graduation usually have to work 15-20 hours per week at a job during college and, because of this, they may end up missing social events that university life has to offer without implementing adequate time management. These students frequently desire romantic relationships but simply do not have the time in college to gain or sustain them. Thus, they may end up with a job after college but long for a romantic partner and feel as unfulfilled as the graduates who have a partner and no job.

In "The Cheating Culture", David Callahan illustrates that these ills of excessive competition and insecurity do not always end once one becomes established – by being awarded tenure or "partner" status – and therefore the "quarter-life crisis" may actually extend beyond young adulthood. Some measure of financial security – which usually requires occupational security – is necessary for psychological development. Some have theorized that insecurity in the "New Economy" will place many in a state of, effectively, perpetual adolescence, and that the rampant and competitive consumerism of the 1990s and 2000s indicates that this is already taking place.

Other theories

Erik H. Erikson, who proposed eight crises that humans face during development, also proposed the existence of a life crisis occurring at this age. In his developmental theory, he proposed that human life is divided into eight stages, each with its own conflict that humans must resolve. The conflict he associated with young adulthood is the "Intimacy vs. Isolation" crisis. According to him, after establishing a personal identity in adolescence, young adults seek to form intense, usually romantic relationships with other people.

The version of the "quarter-life crisis" proposed by Erikson, then, is very different from the one that occurs in popular culture. Indeed, the pop-culture version of the "quarter-life crisis" contains more elements of the crisis Erikson associated with adolescence, "Identity vs. Role-confusion", giving credence to the theory that late-20th century life, with its bizarre mix of extreme comfort and insecurity, is then causing people to mature at a slower rate.

See also

* Boomerang Generation
* Emerging adulthood
* Mid-life crisis
* Meaning of life
* Hikikomori
* MTV Generation
* Twixters

References

Further reading

* Barr, Damian. "Get It Together: A Guide to Surviving Your Quarterlife Crisis". Hodder & Stoughton Paperbacks, 2004. ISBN 0-340-82903-6
*Hassler, Christine. "20-Something, 20-Everything: A Quarter-life Woman's Guide to Balance and Direction." New World Library, 2005. ISBN 978-1577314769.
*Hassler, Christine. "20-Something Manifesto: Quarter-Lifers Speak Out About Who They Are, What They Want, and How to Get It" New World Library, 2008. ISBN 978-1577315957.
*Pollak, Lindsey. "Getting from College to Career: 90 Things to Do Before You Join the Real World." Collins Business, 2007. ISBN 006114259X
*Robbins, Alexandra. "Conquering Your Quarterlife Crisis: Advice From Twentysomethings Who Have Been There and Survived." Perigee, 2004. ISBN 978-0399530388
* Robbins, Alexandra; Wilner, Abby. "Quarterlife Crisis: The Unique Challenges of Life in Your Twenties". Tarcher, 2001. ISBN 1-585-42106-5
*Steinle, Jason. "Upload Experience: Quarterlife Solutions for Teens and Twentysomethings". Nasoj Publications, 2005. ISBN 1-933246-03-0*
*Wilner, Abby; Stocker, Catherine. "Quarterlifer's Companion: How to Get on the Right Career Path, Control Your Finances, and Find the Support Network You Need to Thrive." McGraw-Hill, 2004. ISBN 978-0071450157

External links

* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christine-hassler The 20-Something Life: Your Questions Answered]
* [http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~shane/text/quarterlifecrisis.html Quarter-Life Crisis]
* [http://www.thequartertimes.com
* [http://www.yourlifecrisis.com
* [http://www.wellingtongrey.net/journal/archive/2006-07-06-quarter-century-crisis.html An example of someone going through a quarter-life crisis]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8123-1093294,00.html Article] from The Times
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/01/04/nincap204.xml] Article from The Daily Telegraph
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2180552.stm BBC - Life is hard when you're in your 20s]