William Robinson (gardener)

William Robinson (5 July 1838 – 17 May 1935) was an Irish practical gardener and journalist whose ideas about wild gardening spurred the movement that evolved into the English cottage garden, a parallel to the search for honest simplicity and vernacular style of the British Arts and Crafts movement. [Clayton, p. xx.] Robinson is credited as an early practitioner of the mixed herbaceous border of hardy perennial plants, a champion too of the "wild garden", who vanquished the high Victorian pattern garden of planted-out bedding schemes. [Betty Massingham, "William Robinson: A Portrait" "Garden History" 6.1 (Spring, 1978:61-85) p. 61. ] Robinson's new approach to gardening gained popularity through his magazines and several books—particularly "The Wild Garden" and "The English Flower Garden".

Robinson advocated more natural and less formal-looking plantings of hardy perennials, shrubs, and climbers, and reacted against the High Victorian patterned gardening, which used tropical materials grown in greenhouses. He railed against standard roses, statuary, sham Italian gardens, and other artifices common in gardening at the time. Modern gardening practices first introduced by Robinson include: using alpine plants in rock gardens; dense plantings of perennials and groundcovers that expose no bare soil; use of hardy perennials and native plants; and large plantings of perennials in natural-looking drifts. [Duthie, p. 12.]

Life and career

Robinson began his gardening career at the estate of an Irish baronet in Ballykilcannan, Sir Hunt Johnson-Walsh, [Massingham 1978:61; further remarks based on the scanty documentation of Robinson's Irish years can be found in Ruth Duthie, "Some notes on William Robinson", "Garden History" 2.3 (Summer 1974).] and was put in charge of a large number of greenhouses at the age of 21. As the result of a bitter quarrel, one cold winter night in 1861 he let the fires go out, killing many valuable plants. Robinson was on his way to Dublin the next morning, where the influence of David Moore, head of the botanical garden at Glasnevin, a family friend, helped him find work at the Botanical Gardens of Regents Park, London, where he was given responsibility for the hardy herbaceous plants, specializing in British wildflowers. [Massingham, p. 61.]

At that time, the Royal Horticultural Society's Kensington gardens were being designed and planted with vast numbers of greenhouse flowers in mass plantings. Robinson wrote that "it was not easy to get away from all this false and hideous "art"." But his work with native British plants did allow him to get away to the countryside, where he "began to get an idea (which should be taught to every boy at school) that there was (for gardens even) much beauty in our native flowers and trees." [Massingham, p. 63.]

Writing

In 1866 he left Regents Park to write for "The Gardener's Chronicle" and "The Times", and represented the leading horticultural firm of Veitch at the 1867 Paris Exhibition. He became a fellow of the Linnean Society at the age of 29 under the sponsorship of Charles Darwin, and began writing many publications, beginning with "Gleanings from French Gardens" in 1868, "The Parks, Gardens, and Promenades of Paris" in 1869, and "Alpine Flowers for Gardens" and "The Wild Garden" in 1870. In 1871 he launched his own gardening journal, simply named "The Garden", which over the years included contributions from notables such as John Ruskin, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Gertrude Jekyll, William Morris, Dean Hole, Canon Ellacombe, and James Britten. [Massingham, p. 65.]

His most influential books were "The Wild Garden", which made his reputation and allowed him to start his magazine "The Garden"; and "The English Flower Garden," 1883, which he revised in edition after edition and included contributions from his lifelong friend Gertrude Jekyll, among others. She later edited "The Garden" for a couple of years and contributed many articles to his publications, which also included "Gardening Illustrated" (from 1879).

He first met Jekyll in 1875—they were in accord in their design principles and maintained a close friendship and professional association for over 50 years. He helped her on her garden at Munstead Wood; she provided plants for his garden at Gravetye Manor. Jekyll wrote about Robinson that:

...when English gardening was mostly represented by the innate futilities of the "bedding" system, with its wearisome repetitions and garish colouring, Mr William Robinson chose as his work in live to make better known the treasures that were lying neglected, and at the same time to overthrow the feeble follies of the "bedding" system. It is mainly owing to his unremitting labours that a clear knowledge of the world of hardy-plant beauty is now placed within easy reach of all who care to acquire it, and that the "bedding mania" is virtually dead. [Massingham, p. 85.]

Robinson also published "God's Acre Beautiful or The Cemeteries of The Future", in which he applied his gardening aesthetic to urban churchyards and cemeteries. His campaign included trying to win an unwilling public to the advantages of cremation over burial, and he quite freely shared unsavoury stories of what happened in certain crowded graveyards. [Massingham, p. 67.]

Gravetye Manor

in Sussex, along with about two hundred acres of rich pasture and woodland. His diary of planting and care was published as "Gravetye Manor, or Twenty Years of the Work round an old Manor House" (1911). [Massingham, p. 71.] Gravetye would find practical fulfillment of many of Robinson's ideas of a more natural style of gardening. Eventually it would grow to nearly 1,000 acres. [Tankard, p. 1.]

Much of the estate had been managed as a coppiced woodland, giving Robinson the opportunity to plant drifts of scilla, cyclamen, and narcissus between the coppiced hazels and chestnuts. On the edges, and in the cleared spaces in the woods, Robinson established plantings of Japanese anemone, lily, acanthus, and Pampas grass, along with shrubs such as fothergilla, stewartia, and nyssa. Closer to the house he had some flower beds; throughout he planted Red valerian, which he allowed to spread naturally around paving and staircases. [Stuart, pp. 58-59.] Robinson planted thousands of daffodils annually, including 100,000 narcissi planted along one of the lakes in 1897. Over the years he added hundreds of trees, some of them from American friends John Singer Sargent and Frederick Law Olmsted. Other features included an oval-shaped walled kitchen garden, a heather garden, and a water garden with one of the largest collections of water lilies in Europe. [Tankard, p. 3.]

Robinson invited several well known painters to portray his own landscape artistry, including the English watercolourist Beatrice Parsons, the landscape and botanical painter Henry Moon, and Alfred Parsons. Moon and Alfred Parsons illustrated many of Robinson's works. [Tankard, pp. 4-5.]

After Robinson's death, Gravetye Manor was left to the Forestry Commission, who left it derelict for many years. In 1958 it was leased to a restaurateur who refurbished the gardens, replacing some of the flower beds with lawn. [Tankard, p. 5.] Today, Gravetye Manor serves as a hotel and restaurant. [cite web|url=http://www.gravetyemanor.co.uk/|title=Gravetye Manor Hotel & Restaurant|accessdate=2008-08-23]

Long-term impact on Gardening

Through his magazines and books, Robinson challenged many gardening traditions and introduced new ideas that have become commonplace today. He is most linked with introducing the herbaceous border, which he referred to by the older name of 'mixed border'—it included a mixture of shrubs, hardy and half-hardy herbaceous plants. He also advocated dense plantings that left no bare soil, with the spaces between taller plants filled with what are now commonly called ground cover plants. Even his rose garden at Gravetye was filled with saxifrage between and under the roses. Following a visit to the Alps, Robinson wrote "Alpine Flowers for Gardens", which for the first time showed how to use alpine plants in a designed rock garden. [Duthie, p. 12.]

His most significant influence was the introduction of the idea of wild gardening, which first appeared in "The Wild Garden" and was futher developed in "The English Flower Garden". The idea of introducing large drifts of native hardy perennial plants into meadow, woodand, and waterside is taken for granted today, but was revolutionary in Robinson's time. In the first edition, he happily used any plant that could be naturalized, including half-hardy perennials and natives from other parts of the world—thus Robinson's wild garden was not limited to locally native species. Robinson's own garden at Gravetye was planted on a large scale, but his wild garden idea could be realized in small yards, where the 'garden' is designed to appear to merge into the surrounding woodland or meadow. Robinson's ideas continue to influence gardeners and landscape architects today—from home and cottage gardens to large estate and public gardens. [Duthie, p. 13.]

"The Wild Garden", 1870

. ["The English Flower-Garden" dealt with these garden areas.] Robinson's wild garden brought the untidy edges, where garden blended into the larger landscape into the garden picture: meadow, water's edge, woodland edges and openings.

The hardy plants Robinson endorsed were not all natives by any means: two chapters are devoted to the hardy plants from other temperate climate zones that were appropriate to naturalising schemes. The narcissus he preferred were the small, delicate ones from the Iberian peninsula. Meadowflowers included goldenrod and asters, rampant spreaders from North America long familiar in English gardens. Nor did Robinson's 'wild' approach refer to letting gardens return back to their natural state—he taught a specific gardening method and aesthetic. The nature of plants' habit of growth and their cultural preferences ["Ecology" was not in Robinson's vocabulary.] dictated the free design, in which human intervention was to be kept undetectable.

Without being in any sense retrograde, Robinson's book brought attention back to the plants, which had been eclipsed since the decline of "gardenesque" plantings of the 1820s and 30s, during the use of tender annuals as massed color in patterned schemes of the mid-century. The book's popularity was largely due to Robinson's promise that wild gardening could be easy and beautiful; that the use of hardy perennials would be less expensive and offer more variety than the frequent mass planting of greenhouse annuals; and that it followed nature, which he considered the source of all true design. [Wolschke-Bulmahn, p. 86.]

The book was dedicated to Robinson's friend S. Reynolds Hole, dean of Rochester, the "Dean Hole" of garden history, a connoisseur of hardy roses.

"The English Flower Garden", 1883

, long neglected by the fashionable landscapists. In "The English Flower Garden" he rejected the artificial and the formal, specifically statuary, topiary, carpet bedding, and waterworks—comparing the modern garden to "the lifeless formality of wall-paper or carpet." The straight lines and form in many gardens were seen by Robinson to "carry the dead lines of the builder into the garden." [Robinson, "The English Flower Garden", p. 12.] He admired nature's diversity, and promoted creepers and ramblers, smaller plantings of roses, herbaceous plants and bulbs, woodland plants, and winter flowers.

Robinson compared gardening to art, and wrote in the first chapter:

The gardener must follow the true artist, however modestly, in his respect for things as they are, in delight in natural form and beauty of flower and tree, if we are to be free from barren geometry, and if our gardens are ever to be true pictures....And as the artist's work is to see for us and preserve in pictures some of the beauty of landscape, tree, or flower, so the gardener's should be to keep for us as far as may be, in the fulness of their natural beauty, the living things themselves. [Robinson, "The English Flower Garden", p. 8.]

The first part of "The English Flower Garden" covered garden design, emphasizing an approach that was individual and not stereotypical: "the best kind of garden grows out of the situation, as the primrose grows out of a cool bank." [Massingham, p. 69.] The second part covered individual plants, hardy and half-hardy, showing artistic and natural use of each plant—with several articles included from "The Garden" and chapters contributed by leading gardeners of the day, including Gertrude Jekyll, who contributed the chapter on "Colour in the Flower Garden" [Massingham, p. 69.]

This book was first published in 1883, with the last and definitive edition published in 1933. During Robinson's lifetime, the book found increasing popularity, with fifteen editions during his life. For fifty years, The English Flower Garden was considered a bible by many gardeners. [The English Garden: A Social History By Charles Quest-Ritson]

ee also

*Garden hotels

Notes

References

*cite book|last=Clayton|first=Virginia Tuttle|title=The Once and Future Gardener|publisher=David R. Godine|date=2000|isbn=9781567921021
*cite journal|last=Duthie|first=Ruth E.|title=Some Notes on William Robinson|journal=Garden History|publisher=The Garden History Society|volume=Volume 2, Number 3|issue=Summer, 1974|pages=pp. 12-21|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1586538|accessdate=2008-08-27
*cite journal|last=Massingham|first=Betty|title=William Robinson: A Portrait|journal=Garden History|publisher=The Garden History Society|volume=Volume 6, Number 1|issue=Spring, 1968|pages=pp. 61-85
*cite book|last=Quest-Ritson|first=Charles|title=The English Garden: A Social History|publisher=Penguin Books Ltd|date=2003|isbn=978-0140295023
*cite book|last=Robinson|first=William|title=The English Flower Garden: Design, Arrangement, and Plans|publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street|date=1895|edition=4th edition
*cite book|last=Stuart|first=David|title=Classic Garden Plans|publisher=Timber Press|date=2004|isbn=9780881926439
*cite journal|last=Tankard|first=Judith B.|date=April, 2005|title=Gravetye Manor: home of the Robinsonian garden|journal=Apollo|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_518_161/ai_n15930817
*cite book|last=Wolschke-Bulmahn|first=Joachim|title=Nature and Ideology: Natural Garden Design in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|date=1997|isbn=0884022463

External links

Google books

Complete texts of the following works by Robinson are available on Google books (year shows publication date of the particular edition).
*Google books|xgkDAAAAYAAJ|Alpine Flowers for English Gardens (1870)
*Google books|HFMDAAAAQAAJ|Gleanings from French gardens (1869)
*Google books|xZM3AAAAMAAJ|God's Acre Beautiful, Or, the Cemeteries of the Future (1883)
*Google books|Tj8AAAAAYAAJ|The English Flower Garden (1895)
*Google books|K2pDAAAAIAAJ|The Garden Beautiful (1907)
*Google books|QS8OAAAAQAAJ|The Parks and Gardens of Paris (1883)
*Google books|kglJAAAAMAAJ|The Wild Garden (1903)
*Google books|9VoDAAAAQAAJ|The Parks, Promenades and Gardens of Paris (1878)

Other

* [http://hcs.osu.edu/history/history/092.html History of Horticulture website:] William Robinson
*NRA|P24527