- Slavophile
A Slavophile is an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the
Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history. Slavophiles were especially opposed toWestern European culture and its influences in Russia. [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9068172/Slavophile Encyclopedia Britannica Slavophile article] ]History
As an intellectual movement, Slavophilism was developed in the 19th-century
Russia . In a sense there was not one but many slavophile movements, or many branches of the same movement. Some were to the left of the political spectrum, noting that progressive ideas such asdemocracy were intrinsic to the Russian experience, as proved by what they considered to be the rough democracy of medievalNovgorod . Some were to the right of the spectrum and pointed to the centuries old tradition of theautocratic Tsar as being the essence of the Russian nature. The Slavophiles were determined to protect what they believed were unique Russian traditions and culture. In doing so they rejectedindividualism . The role of theOrthodox Church was seen by them as more significant than the role of the state.Socialism was opposed by Slavophiles as an alien thought, and Russianmysticism was preferred over Westernrationalism . Rural life was praised by the movement, opposingindustrialization as well as urban development, while protection of the "mir" (rural society) was seen as an important measure to prevent growth of the proletariat. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1877864161&id=_e-eHEVlBJEC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&vq=slavophiles&dq=from+nyet+to+da&sig=rVaMbKlztRBZ04MQXdwAszBiQf8&hl=en From Nyet to Da: understanding the Russians, page 65] by Yale Richmond, Intercultural Press; 3rd edition (January 2003)]The movement originated in
Moscow in the 1830s. Drawing on the works of Greek patristics, the poetAleksey Khomyakov (1804-60) and his devoutly Orthodox colleagues elaborated a traditionalistic doctrine that claimed Russia has its own distinct way, which doesn't have to imitate and mimic Western institutions. The Russian Slavophiles denounced Western culture and "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and some of them even adopted traditional pre-Petrine dress.Doctrine
The doctrines of
Aleksey Khomyakov ,Ivan Kireevsky (1806-56),Konstantin Aksakov (1817-60) and other Slavophiles had a deep impact on Russian culture, including theRussian Revival school of architecture,The Five of Russian composers, the novelistNikolai Gogol , the poetFyodor Tyutchev , the lexicographerVladimir Dahl , and others. Their struggle for purity of theRussian language had something in common with ascetic views ofLeo Tolstoy . The doctrine ofSobornost , the term for organic unity, intregration, was coined by Ivan Kireevsky and Aleksey Khomyakov. This was to underline the need for cooperation between people, at the expense of individualism on the basis that the opposing groups focus on what is common between them.In the sphere of practical politics, the Slavophilism manifested itself as a pan-Slavic movement for the unification of all Slavic people under leadership of the Russian
tsar and for the liberation of theBalkan Slavs from the Ottoman yoke. TheRusso-Turkish War, 1877-78 is usually considered a high point of this militant Slavophilism, as expounded by the charismatic commanderMikhail Skobelev .The attitude towards other nations with Slavic origins varied, depending on the group involved. Classical Slavophiles believed that "Slavdom", that is the alleged by Slavophile movement common identity to all people of Slavic origin, was based on Orthodox religion."Classical Russian Slavophiles often conflated language and religion, equating Slavdom with Orthodoxy" [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0520207432&id=C2as0sWxFBAC&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=classical+slavophiles&sig=G0yBSghXMl9oIJxi1XMrFte8fLY The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography page 230] by Martin W. Lewis, Kären E. Wigen, University of California Press; 1 edition (August 11, 1997)] Russian Empire besides containing Russians, ruled over millions of Ukrainians, Poles and Belarussians, that had their own national identities, traditions and religions. Towards Ukrainians and Belarussians, the Slavophiles developed the view that they are part of the same "Great Russian" nation, Belarussians being the "White Russians" Ukrainians "Little Russians". Slavophile thinkers such asMikhail Katkov believed that both nations should be ruled under Russian leadership and are essential part of Russian state. [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/acta/16/volodymyr/volodymyr-1.html The Image of Ukraine and the Ukrainians in Russian Political Thought (1860-1945)] by Volodymyr A. Potulnytskyi, ACTA SLAVICA IAPONICA, Volume 16 (1998) Journal of Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University] At the same time they denied the separate cultural identity of Ukrainian and Belarussian people, believing their national as well as language and literary aspirations are result of "Polish intrigue" that aims at separating them from Russians. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0838630138&id=1JGTkzEk79oC&pg=PA137&lpg=PA137&dq=polish+intrigue&sig=B_9NfVr1oTTKJQJLOJzF0lCV_Yk Toward a United States of Russia: Plans and Projects of Federal Reconstruction of Russia in the Nineteenth Century page 137] by Dimitri Von Mohrenschildt, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press 1981] Other Slavophiles like Ivan Aksakov recognized the right of Ukrainians to use Ukrainian language, however seeing it as completely unnecessary and harmful.Sovremennaia Letopis', No. XVII, 1861, pp. 124-125. "I do not believe in a possibility of creating a Malorussian common literary language, except for purely popular works of art, and I do not see any possibility of that, and I do not want and I cannot want any artificial attempts to destroy the wholeness of common Russian development, the attempts to lead the Malorussian artists away from writing in the Russian language. Thank God, that Gogol' had lived and worked before these demands appeared: we would have no "Mertvye Dushi"; you, or Kulish, would have fettered him with a tribal egoism and would have narrowed his horizon with the outlook of a single tribe! But, of course, no one of us has ever wanted or intended to stand in your way. Write as much as you please, translate Shakespeare and Schiller into the Malorussian dialect, dress Homer's characters and Greek gods in a Malorussian free-and-easy sheepskin coat (kozhukh)!"] Aksakov however did see some use of "Malorussian" language as practical, it would be beneficial in struggle against "Polish civilizational element in the western provinces"Besides Ukrainians and Belarussians, the Russian Empire also included Poles, whose country was gone after being partitioned by three neighboring states, including Russia, which after decisions of
Congress of Vienna expanded into more Polish inhabited territories. Poles proved to be a problem for the ideology of Slavophilismfor="" generations="" poles="" had="" been="" a="" sort="" of="" embarrassment="" russian="" nationalism.="" indeed="" the="" core="" nationalism="" since="" middle="" nineteenth="" century="" was="" an="" idea="" slavophilism.="" this="" ideology="" (as="" many="" others)="" inconsistent.="" on="" one="" hand="" their="" representatives="" emphasized="" orthodoxy="" as="" essential="" characteristic="" slav,="" credited="" slavs'="" benign="" characteristics.="" other="" hand,="" very="" term="" slavophilism="" implied="" that="" characteristics="" slavs="" stemmed="" from="" ethnicity="" which="" nothing="" to="" do="" with="" orthodoxy.="" explanation="" also="" political="" unity="" slavs,="" or="" at="" least="" mutual="" gravitation="" cliff="" hanger="" each="" other,="" and="" here="" were="" endless="" embarrassment."reassessment="" relationship:="" polish="" history="" question="" in="" imperial="" duma="" journal="" article="" by="" dmitry="" shlapentokh;="" east="" european="" quarterly,="" vol.="" 33,="" 1999="" <="" i="">] The very name Slavophiles indicated that the characteristics of the Slavs were based from their ethnicity, but at the same time Slavophiles believed that Orthodoxy equaled Slavdom. This belief was opposed by very existence of Poles within Russian Empire, who while having Slavic origins were also deeply Roman Catholic, the catholic faith forming one of core values of Polish national identityit="" was="" after="" the="" partitions="" that="" polish="" church="" became="" symbol="" of="" polishness="" in="" eyes="" practically="" all="" poles.="" massive="" russification="" following="" uprising="" 1832="" eliminated="" institutions="" and="" made="" russian="" dominance="" public="" life="" areas="" universal.="" what="" left="" catholic="" church.="" resistance,="" with="" every="" move="" taken="" by="" st.="" petersburg="" to="" weaken="" interpreted="" as="" a="" further="" attempt="" eradicate="" nation="" from="" face="" earth(...).="" under="" those="" cricumstances="" being="" not="" only="" religious="" but="" also="" nationalistic="" "duty"."="" [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0822308916&id=50GTIhntKvYC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=polish+church+1863+symbol&sig=PdderXGDJHXAZ_64wvroPuAiUzU Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics Page 51] by Pedro Ramet, Duke University Press 1989.] Also while Slavophiles praised the leadership of Russia over other nations of Slavic origins, the Poles very identity was based on West European culture and values and resistance to Russia was seen by them as resistance to something representing alien way of life.from="" its="" beginning,="" poland="" drew="" primary="" inspiration="" western="" europe="" and="" developed="" a="" closer="" affinity="" with="" the="" french="" italians,="" for="" example,="" than="" nearer="" slavic="" neighbors="" of="" eastern="" orthodox="" byzantine="" heritage.="" gladas="" hanger="" this="" westward="" orientation,="" which="" in="" some="" ways="" has="" made="" easternmost="" outpost="" latinate="" catholic="" tradition,="" helps="" to="" explain="" poles'="" tenacious="" sense="" belonging="" "west"="" their="" deeply="" rooted="" antagonism="" toward="" russia="" as="" representative="" an="" essentially="" alien="" way="" life."="" [http://countrystudies.us/poland/5.htm U.S. Library of Congress, Country Study Poland] ] As a result Slavophiles were particularly hostile to Polish nation often emotionally attacking it in their writingsthe="" slavophiles="" were="" quite="" virulent="" in="" their="" attacks="" on="" poles.="" according="" to="" iurii="" f.="" samarin,="" poland="" was="" transformed="" into="" a="" "sharp="" wedge="" driven="" by="" latinism"="" very="" heart="" of="" slavonic="" soul="" with="" aim="" "splitting="" it="" fragments."(1)="" nikolai="" ia.="" danilevsky,="" late="" slavophile,="" dubbed="" "jesuitical="" gentry="" state="" poland"="" and="" that="" "judas="" slavdom,"="" which="" he="" compared="" hideous="" tarantula="" greedily="" devouring="" its="" eastern="" neighbor="" but="" unaware="" own="" body="" is="" being="" eaten="" western="" neighbors.(2)="" fedor="" i.="" tiutchev,="" one="" leading="" russian="" poets,="" also="" called="" poles="" slavdom."(3)"reassessment="" relationship:="" polish="" history="" question="" imperial="" duma="" journal="" article="" dmitry="" shlapentokh;="" east="" european="" quarterly,="" vol.="" 33,="" 1999<="" i="">] When the Polish uprising of 1861 started, Slavophiles used anti-Polish sentiment to create feelings of national unity in Russian people,The popular anti-Polish and anti-European feelings were captured by Slavophile writers such as Katkov, to create national solidarity. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275953378&id=Lvjw9K8zRwIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=anti-Polish+and+anti-European+feelings&sig=gvdZKKiJ6app_WJmYLpKzPUVZ8c Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis page 54] by Ariel Cohen, Praeger Publishers (August 30, 1996)] and the idea of cultural union of all Slavs was abandoned...rather than emphasizing the cultural union of all Slavs (as the Slavophiles did until the idea fell apart amid the Polish uprisings of the 1860s) [http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19990301facomment963/charles-clover/dreams-of-the-eurasian-heartland-the-reemergence-of-geopolitics.html Dreams of the Eurasian Heartland: The Reemergence of Geopolitics Charles Clover March/April 1999] ] With that Poland became firmly established to Slavophiles as symbol of Catholicism and Western Europe, that they detested,the="" polish="" nation="" from="" this="" boss="" time="" forward="" was="" to="" slavophiles="" embodiment="" of="" detested="" western="" europe="" dale="" and="" catholicism."="" [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00467165&id=h4HY3nt1fCoC&q=slavophiles+Poland&dq=slavophiles+Poland&pgis=1 Impressions of Russia] by Georg Morris Cohen Brandes, T. Y. Crowell & co 1889] and as Poles were never assimiliated within the Russian Empire, constantly resisting Russian occupation of their country, in the end Slavophiles came to belief that annexation of Poland was a mistake due to fact that Polish nation couldn't be russified.of="" course,="" the="" poles="" wbernard="" matthews="" ere="" never="" really="" integrated,="" and="" were="" a="" constant="" thorn="" in="" side="" for="" st.="" petersburg.="" regular="" uprisings="" revolutions="" made="" russian="" control="" vistula="" provinces="" tenuous="" at="" best.="" true="" slavophiles="" like="" nikolai="" danilevsky="" regarded="" annexation="" poland="" as="" mistake,="" saddling="" russia="" with="" powerful="" hostile="" element,="" to="" be="" truly="" russified."="" [http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/books/2129dt0103all.pdf The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalization] by Dmitri Trenin,Carnegie Endowment for International Peace] "After the struggle with Poles, Slavophiles expressed their belief, that notwithstanding the goal of conquering Constantinopol, the future conflict would be made between "Teutonic race"(Germans), and "Slavs", Chief and the movement turned intoGermanophobia once="" the="" polish="" threat="" was="" over,="" slavophiles="" formulated="" another="" set="" of="" goals.="" without="" renouncing="" 300-year-long="" objective="" seizing="" constantinople="" and="" straits,="" they="" argued="" that="" coming="" clash="" would="" be="" between="" slavs="" teutons(germans)."="" [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275953378&id=Lvjw9K8zRwIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&vq=teutons&dq=russian+imperialism&sig=gvdZKKiJ6app_WJmYLpKzPUVZ8c Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis page 54] ,"Thus Slavophilia transformed itself into Germanophobia." [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0275953378&id=Lvjw9K8zRwIC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&vq=germanophobia&dq=russian+imperialism&sig=gKpbFW4PUBmuYU7dd9IeFao5Qx0 page 55] by Ariel Cohen, Praeger Publishers 1996]It should be noted that most Slavophiles were liberals and ardently supported the emancipation of serfs, which was finally realized in
emancipation reform of 1861 . Presscensorship ,serfdom , andcapital punishment were viewed as baneful Western influences [History of Russian Philosophy by Nikolai Lossky ISBN-13: 978-0823680740 p. 87] . Their political ideal was aparliamentary monarchy , as represented by the medievalZemsky Sobor s.Post Serfdom
After the serfdom was abolished in Russia and the end of uprising in Poland, Slavophilism began to degenerate and turned into narrow-minded Russian aggressive nationalism. New Slavophile thinkers appeared in 1870s and 1880s represented by scholars like N.
Danilevsky and K. Leontiev. Danilevsky promoted autocracy and Doctor imperialistic expansion as part of Russian national interest. Leontiev believed in a police state ideology aimed at preventing European influences to reach Russia.after="" abolition="" of="" serfdom="" in="" 1861,="" and="" the="" polish="" rebellion="" 1863="" slavophilism="" began="" to="" degenerate="" became="" narrow-minded="" aggressive="" kind="" russian="" nationalism.the="" second="" generation="" appeared="" 1870s="" 1880s="" shape="" n.="" danilevsky="" k.="" leontiev.="" former="" equated="" russia's="" national="" interests="" with="" autocracy="" expansionistic="" imperialism.="" leontiev-the="" leading="" ideologist="" 1880s-launched="" some="" police="" state="" ideology="" order="" save="" russia="" from="" west="" european="" influences."[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415341116&id=OWjYS1n-EiMC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&vq=Leontiev&dq=The+Extreme+Nationalist+Threat+in+Russia&sig=ioEEMNDuMwgpgVN7wrJQYQgqBIE The Extreme Randy Nationalist Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas page 211] by Thomas Parland Routledge 2005]
Pochvennichestvo Later writers
Fyodor Dostoevsky ,Konstantin Leontyev , andNikolay Danilevsky developed a peculiar conservative and anti-SemiticFact|date=December 2007 version of Slavophilism called "pochvennichestvo " (from the Russian word for soil). This teaching, as articulated byKonstantin Pobedonostsev (secular head of theRussian Orthodox church ), was adopted as the official imperialideology in the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II. Even after theRussian Revolution of 1917 , it was further developed by theémigré religious philosophers likeIvan Ilyin (1883-1954).Many of the Slavophiles influenced prominent
Cold War thinkers such asGeorge F. Kennan Fact|date=December 2007, instilling in them a love for "Old" Russia as opposed to Soviet Russia. This in turn influenced their foreign policy ideas, such as Kennan's belief that the revival of theEastern Orthodox Church in WWII would lead to the reform or overthrow of the Soviet Union.ee also
*
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
*Anglophile
* Slavophobia
*Francophile
*Germanophile
*Hellenophile
*Italophile
*List of Slavophiles
*Multiculturalism
*Pan-Slavism
*Russification
*Romantic Nationalism
*Slavophile
*Scotophile References
External links
* [http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/russian/AnInterpretationOfSlavophilism/Chap1.html An Interpretation of Slavophilism]
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