Subtropical Storm Nicole (2004)

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Subtropical Storm Nicole
Type=Subtropical storm
Year=2004
Basin=Atl
Image location=STS Nicole 10 oct 2004 1530Z.jpg


Formed=October 10, 2004
Dissipated=October 11, 2004
1-min winds=45
Pressure=986
Da

Inflated=
Fatalities=None
Areas=Bermuda, Atlantic Canada, United States
Hurricane season=2004 Atlantic hurricane season

Subtropical Storm Nicole was the first subtropical storm to receive a name using the standard hurricane name list that did not become a tropical cyclone. The fourteenth tropical or subtropical storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, Nicole developed on October 10 near Bermuda from the interaction of an upper level trough and a cold front. The storm turned to the northeast, and after attempting to transition into a tropical cyclone, it dissipated as it was absorbed into a larger extratropical storm.

Nicole dropped moderate amounts of rainfall in Bermuda, while rough seas caused problems for cruise lines. In Canada, the remnants of the storm combined with an extratropical storm produced strong winds and rainfall, damaging trees and power lines. The remnant storm also produced gusty winds across New England, while swells from the storm provided welcome surf conditions along the East Coast of the United States.

Meteorological history

An upper-level trough and a decaying cold front persisted across the western Atlantic Ocean in early October. The interaction between the two led to the formation of an area of low pressure on October 8 to the southwest of Bermuda. The system lacked a single well-defined circulation, though it possessed gale force winds as it moved northwestward.cite web|author=Pasch & Roberts|year=2004|title=Subtropical Storm Nicole Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004nicole.shtml?] The system gradually became better organized,cite web|author=Avila|year=2004|title=October 8, 2004 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2004/Oct/2004100902.ABNT20] and though there were no signs of tropical development on October 9, computer models suggested a subtropical storm could form.cite web|author=Lawrence|year=2004|title=October 9 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2004/Oct/2004100908.ABNT20] On October 10, a well-defined low-level circulation developed as a band of clouds formed in the northern portion of the system. Shortly thereafter, curved bands developed in the northwestern portion of the center, while the strongest winds associated with the storm occurred more than 115 miles (185 km) from the center. Based on the broad wind field and the cloud signature, it is estimated the system organized into Subtropical Storm Nicole on October 10 while located about 140 miles (225 km) southwest of Bermuda.

The first National Hurricane Center forecast on Nicole noted the development of convection over the western portion of the center, and that if the trend continued, transitioning into a tropical cyclone would be possible. The first discussion also predicted a peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h).Cite web|author=Lawrence|year=2004|title=Subtropical Storm Nicole Discussion One|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al152004.discus.001.shtml] A mid-level trough turned the storm northeastward, and early on October 11 it passed about 60 miles (95 km) northwest of Bermuda. Shortly after passing Bermuda, Nicole developed persistent deep convection near the center, while Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit overpasses indicated the potential of a warm core within the system.cite web|author=Beven|year=2004|title=Subtropical Storm Nicole Discussion Five|publisher=NHC|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/dis/al152004.discus.005.shtml?] Though Nicole attempted to acquire tropical characteristics, strong upper-level wind shear prevented the transition. As the storm accelerated northeastward under the influence of a large extratropical storm south of Nova Scotia, it briefly reached peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Subtropical Storm Nicole lost its circulation as it was absorbed by the larger extratropical storm on October 11.

Preparations, impact, and naming

On October 9, one day prior to Nicole formed, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a gale warning for the island. The agency also issued a Tropical Storm Watch shortly after the storm developed. All warnings were canceled after the storm passed the island. Winds on Bermuda peaked at 44 mph (71 km/h) in association with Nicole, while gusts peaked at 60 mph (97 km/h) prior to the storm developing. Nicole and the precursor extratropical storm dropped heavy precipitation, amounting to 5.86 inches (148 mm) over a three-day period at the Bermuda International Airport. Thunderstorms were also reported on the island.cite web|author=Bermuda Weather Service|year=2004|title=Weather Summary for October 2004|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.weather.bm/data/2004-10.html] Poor weather conditions from Nicole forced the cancellation of several events at the tourist-driven Bermuda Music Festival, including acts by Isaac Hayes, Gerald Albright, and Anita Baker. Strong winds knocked down power lines, leaving over 1,800 homes and businesses without power. Unsettled conditions also resulted in airport delays.cite news|author=Sarah Titterton and Eloisa Mayers|year=2004|title=Nicole drowns out the music|publisher=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041011/NEWS/110110115&SearchID=73259584133998] High winds delayed or altered the courses of four cruise ships.cite web|author=The Royal Gazette|year=2004|title=Nicole thwarts cruise ship|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041012/NEWS/110120042&SearchID=73259584133998] 10 to 12-foot (3 to 3.6-m) waves left several cruise ship passengers seasick, and one sick person was rushed to a local hospital on Bermuda.cite news|author=The Royal Gazette|year=2006|title=Sick passenger rushed to hospital from Majesty|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20041013/SHIPPING/110130083&SearchID=73259584170045]

The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued seven bulletins on the storm, though the system only briefly entered the centre's response zone before it dissipated.cite web|author=Canadian Hurricane Centre|year=2004|title=2004 Tropical Cyclone Season Summary|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html] Due to moisture from Nicole combined with the extratropical storm, the Atlantic Storm Prediction Centre issued heavy rainfall and wind warnings for large portions of the Canadian Maritimes.cite web|author=Bowyer|year=2004|title=Subtropical Storm Nicole Information Statement|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/bulletins/20041010134556.Nicole.txt.en] The remnants of Nicole, combined with a powerful extratropical storm, produced strong winds across the Maritimes, including over 80 mph (130 km/h) on western Cape Breton. The strong winds uprooted trees and downed power lines, while the winds combined with rough seas cancelled ferry crossings and restricted access to the Confederation Bridge. The storm complex also dropped over 2 inches (60 mm) of rainfall, causing flooding in eastern Nova Scotia. The storm's passage during the middle of apple harvest caused troubles for Annapolis Valley.Cite web|author=Ottawa Start|year=2004|title=Top Ten Canadian weather stories for 2004|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://ottawastart.com/story/1058.php]

The remnants of Nicole, combined with the extratropical storm, produced strong winds in New England, with gusts of up to 65 mph (105 km/h). In Maine, the winds snapped branches off trees, and also downed trees and power lines. Power outages were reported, primarily in coastal portions of Washington and Hancock Counties.cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2004|title=Event Report for Maine|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~544635] Nicole produced moderate swells along the East Coast of the United States. Conditions for surfing were best in New York and Rhode Island, where swells of over 4 feet (1.2 m) occurred.cite web|author=Sean Collins|year=2004|title=Wavetraks November 2004 Newsletter|publisher=Surfline Wavetraks|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.surfline.com/newsletter/wt_November04_02.html]

Eleven ships reported tropical storm force winds in association with Subtropical Storm Nicole. The maximum recorded wind was 50 mph (80 km/h) while the storm was at peak intensity, while the minimum recorded pressure was 995 mbar as Nicole was being absorbed by the extratropical storm.

Since 2002, subtropical storms have been assigned names from the same naming sequence as tropical storms. Nicole was the first named subtropical storm since the policy change to not achieve full tropical cyclone status. In 1972 and 1973, four subtropical storms were named using the Phonetic alphabet, while all other subtropical cyclones remained unnamed. The name Nicole was used once prior in the 1998 season. The name Nicole was not retired due to its lack of effects, and it is on the list for the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season.cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2006|title=Hurdat Data for Tropical Cyclones 1851-2005|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2006-10-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2005_atl.txt]

See also

* List of Atlantic hurricanes

References

External links

For official forecasts, see the NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/refresh/NICOLE+shtml/ public advisory archive on Subtropical Storm Nicole] .
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/index.shtml NHC 2004 Tropical Cyclone Archive]
* [http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn/hurricane.htm Effects of the Third-Quarter Hurricanes on Income Measures]