Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway

Infobox SG rail
railroad_name=Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway
logo_filename=
logo_size=
old_gauge=
marks=GCSF
locale=New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas
start_year=1873
end_year=1965
successor_line=ATSF
hq_city=Galveston, Texas

The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway is a now-defunct rail company with lines running from Galveston, Texas northwest to the Denver and Rio Grande Railway.

History

Nineteenth Century

In 1873, there was strong competition between the cities of Houston and Galveston; and the Galveston, Houston, and Henderson Railroad was the only rail link between the two cities. The competition between Houston and Galveston was fed by the quarantines, which were often imposed on Galveston traffic by Houston. These quarantines occurred almost annually and were based on yellow fever outbreaks and epidemics. So, the citizens of Galveston decided to build their own railroad line that would reach across Texas, into the Panhandle, and across the state line to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The idea was to by-pass Houston completely. The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad Company (GCSF) was chartered, and the state agreed to grant sixteen sections of land per mile of track laid.

While the charter passed in 1873, the actual construction of the line did not begin until two years later. The plans to initiate construction were formulated by the railroad's first engineer, General Braxton Bragg, former commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee. At a meeting of the board of directors on February 8, 1875, the board resolved to negotiate for land for both a depot and the location of the line from Galveston to an intersection of the Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio line. At other meetings in the early part of 1875, the board of directors asked for proposals for contracting the building of the bridge across Galveston Bay and for the laying of track to Arcola, Texas. On April 30, 1875, Henry Rosenberg, president of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railway Company, signed a contract with Burnett & Kilpatrick that included the construction of a bridge across the bay, complete with a lifting draw, for $69,000. The depot grounds were located between Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Streets and Mechanic and Strand. The railroad line was to follow Mechanic Street to Sixtieth where it would be routed to the bridge.

On May 1, 1875, the first shovel of dirt was turned to begin construction of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railroad. As soon as the ground was broken, work commenced. By May 28, the line was permanently located as far as Arcola with surveys made as far as the Brazos River.

In September of 1876, the Galveston, Houston, and Henderson Railroad completed a new passenger depot, located on the corner of Avenue A and Tremont Street. The GCSF would share this depot for their passenger line once the trains began running continuously.

By March of 1877, the track from Galveston to Arcola was complete and arrangements were being made to put regular trains on the line. The company planned to cross the Brazos River and proceed to Richmond, where it would connect with the San Antonio line. This would make one continuous route to Galveston 11 miles shorter than any other road. By the next year, the company also completed an iron bridge 480 feet long over the Brazos River, and by October a regular train was being run over the road.

In December of 1878, the company began to experience financial difficulties. So, the directors voted to advertise for a loan of $250,000 for ninety days, which would enable them to pay off the debts and finish the road as far as Richmond. The only offer for the loan was made by a group of Galveston citizens headed by Galveston business man George Sealy. The loan was secured by a deed of trust on the entire properties of the railway company. When the ninety-day note matured, the company did not have the funds to pay for it. Therefore, on April 15, 1879, the entire properties of the line were sold at a public sale in front of the courthouse. The highest bid was for $200,000 made by George Sealy. The new company was organized, and directors were elected. By May, the new directors had organized a corps of engineers to locate the line to Brenham.

Chief engineer, Bernard Moore Temple, sent surveyors into the interior of Texas, and as the line was located, Temple followed with construction crews. The new directors also obtained rights to build a spur into Houston. By this time the real importance of a line into Houston had been realized, and the success of the road depended on it. In 1880 the GCSF won fame by establishing the first daily newspaper train in the United States. Because of another quarantine placed on Galveston by Houston, the Galveston News arranged for a special train to carry the newspaper from Galveston to Rosenberg. There the newspaper was transferred to the Houston and Texas Central Railway which distributed the News across Texas.

The road reached a distance of 226 miles upon reaching Belton in March of 1881. The company had also constructed a telegraph line along the line of the railroad, and they began seeing a return on that investment that year as well. In 1882 the main line reached Lampasas, and another branch opened from Alvin to Houston.

The company received support from many counties and communities along the line. Donations ranged in size from $70 given by Nickleville to $85,000 contributed by Fort Worth. Other small towns such as Weatherford, Paris, Ladonia, Honey Grove, and Farmersville also provided funds. Along the way, the railroad developed towns such as Rosenberg, Sealy, Somerville, Killeen, Moody, Wallis, Ballinger, and Temple, which became a division point.

In the mid-1880s, Chief Engineer Temple was succeeded by a Yankee engineer named Walter Justin Sherman. Sherman encountered quite a few labor problems along the line. Especially in the hot summer months, members of the construction crews would desert, and replacements were hard to find. So, the GCSF authorized a daily whiskey ration, and Sherman dispensed a dipper of liquor at the end of the day to each member of the crew in an effort to keep morale high.

As early as 1881, the GCSF attracted the attention of several large railroad magnates. Jay Gould, who held a monopoly in northern Texas presented quite a threat to the other Texas lines including the Gulf, Colorado line. William Barstow Strong, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, actively pursued a way to break Gould's stronghold on Texas railroad commerce.

Plagued by more financial problems, Sealy and the other leaders of the Gulf, Colorado line realized that their railway would need a connection north out of Texas if it were to survive. William Strong offered a connection between the two lines and a solution to the problem. On March 25, 1886, the stockholders authorized George Sealy to work toward an exchange of stock between the two companies.

The agreement stated that the GCSF line would be built from Fort Worth to Purcell, in Indian territory, and would connect there with the southbound Atchison line. Then the Gulf, Colorado road was to build to Paris and connect with the St. Louis and San Francisco as well as build a branch from Cleburne to Weatherford. On April 26, 1887, Sherman and his crews reached Purcell, four hours ahead of schedule and before the Atchison crews. By June, trains began to run from Kansas City to Galveston.

With the completion of the line to Purcell, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe was to assume control of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe line. The contract, signed on March 3, 1886 by Sealy and Strong, provided for the transfer of the entire capital stock of the GCSF to the Atchison line in exchange for eight million dollars in Atchison stock. On March 23, representatives of the ATSF were elected to the board of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe, and the merger was completed.

While the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe line had officially become part of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad, it was still an important section of the rail line. The fact that it connected so many major Texas cities with the most important port city in Texas made it a valuable acquisition.

An interesting transaction occurred in 1897 which is proof of the line's continuing growth. The GCSF company and Fred Harvey, a famous railroad restaurateur, made an agreement. Harvey Restaurants and Harvey Houses, a hotel chain, soon dotted the Santa Fe Railway lines providing inexpensive, comfortable dining for the patrons of the line. Now folklore, both the restaurants and the railway have been celebrated in song, literature, and the entertainment media.

Twentieth Century

The GCSF also participated in Galveston's efforts to raise the city after the 1900 Storm. In 1904, the board granted Goedhart and Bates a five-year lease to a strip of land on the east end of the Gulf Company in Galveston, which would be used for canal purposes in connection with the grade-raising of the city. In 1908, the GCSF, along with other railroads, worked to build a new causeway from Galveston to the mainland.

By 1912, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Company announced its plans to build a new union depot in Galveston that would also house the offices of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe. Their plans were for an eight-story fireproof building made of steel-reinforced concrete and faced with white enameled brick. The waiting room would be 104 feet by 63 feet, and the building would be large enough to contain all of the departments of the GCSF lines.

An addition to the building was made in 1932, which included another eight-story building and an eleven-story tower. The company planned to spend $35,000 on remodeling the old building so that it would match the new structure. The GCSF also boasted of a new electric boiler plant, which would heat the entire building.

After World War II, the Santa Fe worked to expand its freight lines. The company used special trains to haul specific cargo. One of these trains was the 1949 Cotton Special. It was established to move the West Texas cotton crop from Lubbock to the Galveston wharves.

By the 1960s the Santa Fe worked with many different corporations on a large scale to expand their line. In one such instance the Santa Fe agreed to work with the Duval Corporation to develop a sulfur mine at Rustler Springs, Texas. The Santa Fe built a thirty-mile branch line and conceived the ingenious idea of transporting the sulfur in a molten state from the mine to Galveston, where it would then be shipped by sea. This would make the sulfur much easier to move over such a long distance. The sulfur was heated to 290 degrees and transported by tank car. This worked so well that the company bought three trains of sixty-six cars each, and a train moved continuously over the 930-mile run.

By this time, the identity of the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railroad Company had become permanently intertwined with that of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe line. Together they became known, and are still known today, as the Santa Fe Railroad. In 1965, the remaining property of the Gulf division was conveyed to the ATSF company.

While the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad Company was engulfed by the larger Santa Fe Company, the legacy it left behind is still etched across the face of Texas. But for the GCSF, many Texas towns and cities may never have been platted. Galveston and Texas commerce were facilitated by the road. It provided Galveston with access to the cotton areas of the upper Brazos and the wheat fields of the Midwest. And while the Gulf, Colorado, and Santa Fe Railroad Company is gone, trains still run regularly over the line.

References

* [http://www.tamug.edu/rrmuseum/hist1.html Galveston County Historical Commission]
* [http://www.galvestonrrmuseum.com/museumhistory.htm Galveston Railroad Museum]
* [http://www.atsfry.com/splinters/Volume07/ Splinters Online Transcripts]
* [http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/GG/eqg25.html Handbook of Texas Online]

ee also

* Krum, Texas (town founded by the railway company)