Illinois and Michigan Canal

Infobox_nrhp | name =Illinois and Michigan Canal Locks and Towpath
nrhp_type =nhl


caption = a scene at Seneca, Illinois
nearest_city= Joliet, Illinois
area =1,130 acres
built =1848
designated= January 29, 1964cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=221&ResourceType=Structure
title=Illinois and Michigan Canal Locks and Towpath |accessdate=2007-10-11|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service]
added = October 15, 1966cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service]
governing_body = State
refnum=66000332The Illinois and Michigan Canal ran 96 miles (155 km) from the Bridgeport neighborhood in Chicago on the Chicago River to LaSalle, Illinois, on the Illinois River. It was finished in 1848 and allowed boat transportation from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The canal enabled navigation across the Chicago Portage and helped establish Chicago as the transportation hub of the United States, opening before railroads were laid in the area. It ceased transportation operations in 1933.

Illinois and Michigan Canal Locks and Towpath, a collection of eight engineering structures and segments of the canal between Lockport and LaSalle-Peru, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.citation|title=PDFlink| [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000332.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Illinois and Michigan Canal] |873 KiB |date=September 14, 1975 |author=Blanche Schroer, Grant Peterson, and S. Sydney Bradford |publisher=National Park Service and PDFlink| [http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/66000332.pdf Accompanying 27 photos, undated.] |1.49 MiB ]

Other portions of the canal have been filled in. Portions, apparently, are now used for water and trail recreation.fact|date=July 2008

History

Construction on the canal began in 1836, although it was stopped for several years due to an Illinois state fiscal crisis. The Canal Commission had a grant of 284,000 acres (1,149 km²) of federal land which it sold at $1.25 per acre (309 $/km²) to finance the construction. Still, money had to be borrowed from eastern U.S. and British investors to finish the canal.

Most of the canal work was done by Irish immigrants who previously worked on the Erie Canal. The work was considered dangerous and many workers died, although there are no longer official records that exist to indicate how many died. The Irish immigrants who toiled to build the canal were often derided as a sub-class and were treated very poorly by other citizens of the city. The canal was finished in 1848 with a total cost of $6,170,226. Pumps were used to draw water to fill the canal near Chicago, soon supplemented by through the Calumet Feeder Canal and the DuPage River supplied water farther south. In 1871 the canal was deepened to speed up the current and to improve sewage disposal.

The canal was 60 feet (20 m) wide and six feet (2 m) deep, with paths constructed along each edge to permit mules to be harnessed to tow barges along the canal. Towns were planned out along the path of the canal spaced at intervals corresponding to the length that the mules could haul the barges. It had seventeen locks and four aqueducts to cover the 140 foot (45 m) height difference between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. From 1848 to 1852 the canal was a popular passenger route but this ended with the opening of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad in 1853 that ran parallel to the canal. The canal had its peak shipping year in 1882 and remained in use until 1933. It was replaced by the larger Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900 which remains in use.

Experiencing a remarkable recovery from the devastating fire of 1871, Chicago rebuilt rapidly along the shores of the Chicago River. The river was especially important to the development of the city since all wastes from houses, farms, the stockyards and other industries could be dumped into the river and carried out into Lake Michigan.

The lake, however, was also the source of drinking water. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the river, especially from the highly polluted Bubbly Creek, far out into the lake (the city water intakes are located 2 miles offshore). Although no epidemics occurred, the Chicago Sanitary District (now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) was created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to this close call. [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/041112.html]

This new agency devised a plan to construct channels and canals to reverse the flow of the rivers away from Lake Michigan and divert the contaminated water downstream where it could be diluted as it flowed into the Des Plaines and eventually the Mississippi.

In 1892, the direction of part of the Chicago River was reversed by the Army Corps of Engineers with the result that the river and much of Chicago's sewage flowed into the canal instead of into Lake Michigan. The complete reversal of the river's flow was accomplished when the Sanitary and Ship Canal was opened in 1900.

Today much of the canal is a long, thin park with canoeing and a 62.5 mile (100 km) hiking and biking trail (constructed on the alignment of the mule tow paths). It also includes museums and historical canal buildings. It was designated the first National Heritage Corridor by US Congress in 1984.

From East to West the towns along the path of the canal include:
*Bridgeport (Chicago neighborhood)
*Summit
*Willow Springs
*Lemont
*Lockport
*Joliet
*Channahon
*Morris
*Seneca
*Marseilles
*Ottawa
*Utica
*LaSalle

ee also

* Matthew Laflin
* Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago
* Treaty of St. Louis
* Shabbona Trail includes 20 miles of the Illinois and Michigan Canal Trail.
* Channahon State Park
* Gebhard Woods State Park
* "The Volunteer" Canal Boat at LaSalle Illinois

References

Edward Ranney & Emily Harris. (1998). Prairie Passage: The Illinois and Michigan Canal Corridor. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

External links

* [http://www.nps.gov/ilmi/ Illinois & Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor]
* [http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/parks/i&m/main.htm Illinois & Michigan Canal State Trail]
* [http://www.chicagohs.org/canal/ Chicago Historical Society: Illinois & Michigan Canal]
* [http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/i&mpack/i&mintro.html The Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1827–1911: A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives]
* [http://www.lewisu.edu/imcanal/ Canal and Regional History Special Collection at Lewis University]
* [http://www.mwrd.org Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago]
* [http://www.canalcor.org/ Canal Corridor Association]
* [http://www.experienceottawa.com Ottawa Visitors Center]