Kansas City jazz

Infobox Music genre
name=Kansas City jazz
bgcolor=pink
color=black
stylistic_origins=blues, New Orleans jazz, ragtime, big band
cultural_origins=1920s
instruments=piano, saxophone, clarinet, trumpet, double bass, drums
popularity=1930s and 1940s
derivatives=
subgenrelist=
subgenres=
fusiongenres=
regional_scenes=
other_topics=

Kansas City Jazz is a style of jazz that developed and flourished in Kansas City, Missouri and the surrounding Kansas City Metropolitan Area during the 1930s and marked the transition from the structured big band style to the musical improvisation style of Bebop. The hard-swinging, bluesy transition style is bracketed by Count Basie who in 1929 signed with the Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra and Kansas City native Charlie Parker who was to usher in the Bebop style in the 1940s. According to a Kansas City website, "While New Orleans was the birthplace of jazz, America's music grew up in Kansas City". [ [http://www.experiencekc.com/bluesandjazz.html Kansas City has the blues and all that jazz] ]

Background

The first band from Kansas City to acquire a national reputation was the Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra, a white group which broadcast nationally in the 1920s. However, the Kansas City jazz school is identified with the black bands of the 1920s and 1930s.

Kansas City in the 1930s was very much the crossroads of the United States resulting in a mix of cultures. Transcontinental trips at the time whether by plane or train often required a stop in the city. The era marked the zenith of power of political boss Tom Pendergast. Kansas City was a wide open town with liquor laws and hours totally ignored and was called the new Storyville. Most of the jazz musicians associated with the style were born in other places but got caught up in the friendly musical competitions among performers that could keep a single song being performed in various variations for an entire night.

Often members of the big bands would perform at regular venues earlier in the evening and go to the jazz clubs later to jam for the rest of the night.

Claude Williams described the scene:

: Kansas City was different from all other places because we'd be jamming all night. And [if] you come up here ... playing the wrong thing, we'd straighten you out. [ [http://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/places_kansas_city.htm Kansas City a Wide Open Town (part of Ken Burns "Jazz" website)] ]

Clubs were scattered throughout city but the most fertile area was the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine.

Among the clubs were the Amos 'n' Andy, Boulevard Lounge, Cherry Blossom, Chesterfield Club, Chocolate Bar, Dante's Inferno, Elk's Rest, Hawaiian Gardens, Hell’s Kitchen, the Hi Hat, the Hey-Hay, Lone Star, Old Kentucky Bar-B-Que, Paseo Ballroom, Pla-Mor Ballroom, Reno Club, Spinning Wheel, Street's Blue Room, Subway and Sunsetx.

tyle

Kansas City jazz is distinguished by the following musical elements:

* A preference for a 4/4 beat over the 2/4 beat found in other jazz styles of the time. As a result, Kansas city jazz had a more relaxed, fluid sound than other jazz styles.

* Extended soloing. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under Political Boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well past sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to "say something" with one's instrument, rather than simply show off one's technique. It was not uncommon for one "song" to be performed for several hours, with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at at a time.

* So-called "head arrangements". The KC big bands often played by memory, composing and arranging the music collectively, rather than sight-reading as other big bands of the time did. This further contributed to the loose, spontaneous Kansas City sound.

* A heavy blues influence, with KC songs often based around a 12-bar blues structure, rather than the 8-bar jazz standard.

* One of the most recognizeable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent, elaborate riffing by the different sections. Riffs were often created - or even improvised - collectively, and took many forms: a) one section riffing alone, serving as the main focus of the music; b) one section riffing behind a soloist, adding excitement to the song; or b) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint, creating an exciting hard-swinging sound. The Count Basie signature tunes One O'Clock Jump and Jumpin' at the Woodside, for example, are simply collections of complex riffs, memorized in a head arrangement, and punctuated with solos. Glenn Miller's famous swing anthem "In the Mood" closely follows the Kansas city pattern of riffing sections, and is a good example of the Kansas City style after it had been exported to the rest of the world.

Aftermath

Kansas City influence overtly transferred to the national scene in 1936 when record producer John H. Hammond launched his career by discovering Kansas City talent starting with Count Basie.

Pendergast was to be convicted of income tax evasion in 1940 and the city cracked down on the clubs effectively ending the era.

Beginning in the 1970s Kansas City has attempted to celebrate the heritage by taking off the rough edges for family friendly environments. In the 1970s, the city tried to create a jazz enclave in the River Quay area on the Missouri River in the City Market neighborhood. Three of the clubs were bombed during a mob war that ultimately also led to the demise of mob influence of Las Vegas casinos that was depicted in the movie "Casino".

In 1981 114 people died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in an attempted recreation of the jazz scene during a tea dance.

In 1996 Kansas City native Robert Altman released the film "Kansas City" depicting the Kansas City jazz era.

In 1997 the American Jazz Museum opened in the 18th and Vine neighborhood with a mission of celebrating Kansas City's jazz heritage.

Each year Kansas City celebrates "Jazzoo" - a charity fundraiser dedicated to Kansas City jazz and raising funds. [http://www.kansascitybands.com/jazzookansascity Jazzoo Charity Fundraiser Official Site]

Musicians

*Count Basie
*Buck Clayton
*Herschel Evans
*Coleman Hawkins
*Jo Jones
*Pete Johnson
*George E. Lee
*Harlan Leonard
*Jimmie Lunsford
*Jay McShann
*Bennie Moten
*Hot Lips Page
*Charlie Parker
*Sammy Price
*Jimmy Rushing
*Joe Turner
*Ben Webster
*Claude Williams
*Mary Lou Williams
*Lester Young
*Andy Kirk
*Walter Page
*Julia Lee
* Ned White [http://www.thepost.ohiou.edu/Articles/Culture/2004/10/14/9961/]

Literature

* Ross Russell, "Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest", University of California Press, Berkeley 1971, ISBN 0520018532
* Nathan W. Pearson, Jr., "Goin' to Kansas City". University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Il. 1988, ISBN 0252064380
* Nathan W. Pearson, Jr., Political and Musical Forces That Influenced the Development of Kansas City Jazz. In: "Black Music Research Journal" Vol. 9, (2) (1989), pp. 181-192
* Frank Driggs & Chuck Haddix, "Kansas City Jazz: From Ragtime to Bebop--A History", ISBN 9780195307122

References