Gardar, Greenland

Garðar was the 'capital' of the Norse settlements in Greenland and seat of the bishop of Greenland. Presently the settlement of Igaliku is situated on the same location.

Many ruins of the Norse settlements can still be seen in Igaliku today. The main ruin is of the Garðar Cathedral, a cross-shaped church built of sandstone in the 12th century. The maximum length is 27 m, the width 16 m. Besides the cathedral ruins of the stables (with place for 60 cows) and other buildings can still be seen.

Bishops

In the sagas it is told that Sokki Þórisson, a wealthy farmer of the Brattahlíð area launched the idea of a separate bishop for Greenland in the early 12th century. He got the approval of the Norwegian King and the first bishop of Garðar, Arnaldur, was ordained by the Archbishop of Lund in 1124. He arrived in Greenland in 1126.

In the same year he started with the construction of the cathedral, devoted to St. Nicholas, patron saint of sailors.

The diocese of Garðar was subject to the Archbishop of Lund from 1126-1152. In 1152 the diocese of Greenland, as well as those of Iceland, the Isle of Man, the Orkney Islands, the Faroer Islands became subject to the newly-established Archdiocese of Nidaros.

Bishop Arnaldur retuned to Norway in 1150 and became bishop of Hamar in 1152. His successor was Jón Knútur, who served from 1153-1186. The third bishop was Jón Árnason (nicknamed Smyrill), who took office in 1189. In 1202-1203 he went on a pilgrimage to Rome and met the pope. He died in Garðar in 1209 and was buried there, most likely in the Northern Chapel of the cathedral.

The next bishop, Þór Helgi, arrived in Greenland in 1212 and was bishop until his death in 1230. In 1234 Nikulás was ordained, but he arrived in Greenland only in 1239. He died in 1242. Ólafur was ordained in the same year, but arrived only in 1247. He remained bishop until the mid 1280s. He was abroad from 1264-1280, thus hardly serving in his own diocese. The next bishop was Þór Bokki who stayed in Garðar from 1289 until his return to Norway in 1309.

The next one to serve was bishop Árni, who served from 1315-1347. Due to the poor communication between Greenland and Norway, it was assumed that he had died and a new bishop (Jón Skalli) was ordained in 1343. When it was discovered that the bishop was still alive, he resigned and never went to Greenland.

After the death of bishop Árni in 1347 it took a long time for the next bishop to arrive, mainly due to the worsening communications. Bishop Álfur was ordained in 1368 and served as last bishop of Garðar until 1378.

ee also

* Eastern Settlement

ources

*Grønlands Forhistorie, Gyldendal København, 2005. ISBN 87-02-01724-5