John Francis (bushranger)

John Francis (c1825-?) was one of a party of bushrangers who held up the Melbourne Private Escort Company's regular escort of gold from the McIvor diggings at Heathcote, Victoria and Kyneton on the morning of 20 July 1853. At least six men were involved, five of whom including John Francis and his brother George (c1825-1853) were apprehended. George Francis committed suicide while in custody, but by turning Queen's Evidence John Francis escaped punishment. His other three companions were hanged.

Life of John and George Francis

John Francis was arrested for pick-pocketing at Sheffield, England on 30 December 1843, convicted and sentenced to ten years' transportation and sent to Hobart Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) on board the ship "Maria Somes", arriving on 30 July 1844. His brother had arrived in Tasmania just three months earlier, having been convicted of stealing bees-wax at Sheffield early in 1843 and sentenced to seven years' transportation, and arriving on the "Barossa" on 3 May. Both men were convicted under the alias Fearn.

In 1847 John Francis was arrested as one of a number of men suspected of robbing the premises of Hobart merchant Charles McLachlan, but was released after turning Queens Evidence. Both men travelled to Melbourne during the early part of the Victorian Gold Rush, and married immigrant women in Melbourne during 1852. They counted as friends other former convicts Joseph Grey, George Melville (c1822-1853) and George Wilson (c1823-1853).

The Private Escort Robbery

In addition to the official Government gold escort a private gold escort operated between many of the Victorian gold fields and Melbourne, being noted for its speed and lower bureaucracy, at the expense of security. Taking advantage of the disorganisation of the Victorian Police Force at the time, on 20 July 1853 a party of bushrangers led by Joseph Grey attacked the escort as it proceeded from the McIvor goldfield to Kyneton, where it was to meet up with the regular Bendigo escort and continue on to Melbourne. Four of the six guards were shot and injured (two seriously) and the remaining pair fled back to McIvor to seek assistance. Extensive searches found no trace of the criminals, who escaped with gold and cash valued at about £10,000.

Of the known bushrangers, the Francis brothers, their wives and George Wilson booked passages to England by the "Madagascar", George Melville and his wife for Mauritius on the barque "Collooney" and William Atkyns and his wife for Sydney by the steamer "Hellespont".

On 10 August Melbourne police arrested John Francis on board the ship "Madagascar", and George Wilson on the following day. They arrested George Francis as he was about to go on board the "Madagascar" on the same day, and he offered to give evidence against all the bushrangers in return for freedom for himself and his brother. After being returned to McIvor to identify four other accused bushrangers, George Francis committed suicide on the way back to Melbourne on 23 August. Meanwhile Melville, Wilson and Atkyns had also been arrested in Melbourne, but Grey escaped and was never seen again.

John Francis turned Queen's Evidence, and the police secured convictions for armed robbery and attempted murder on the other three bushrangers. They were hanged at Old Melbourne Gaol on 3 October 1853. Francis and his wife were given a free passage out of the colony and are believed to have gone to the Cape of Good Hope.

The Private Escort Robbery in Folklore

At the trial, the escort troops asserted that several more men were involved in the robbery than the six who were identified. According to popular legend they escaped on the "Madagascar ", which went missing on her voyage for London, and were involved in a mutiny to steal the gold and murder the remainder of the ship's passengers and crew. It appears more likely that the additional men were those arrested on John Francis' evidence but released after his suicide, and that the ship was lost by natural hazards of the sea.

The Escort Robbery became one of the most famous crimes during the Victorian gold rush and is mentioned in many historical and fictional accounts of the period. The techniques used by the Escort robbers were used in practice by many later bushrangers including Ben Hall and Frank Gardiner.

ources

*Blake, "Gold Escorts in Australia", Rigby, 1978.
*J. O. Randell, "McIvor", published by the author, East Melbourne, 1985, pp. 116-117.
*R. H. Horne, "Australian Facts and Prospects", Smith, Elder & Co., Cornhill, London, 1859
*William Howitt, "Land, Labor and Gold, or Two Years in Victoria," Boston, Ticknor & Fields, 1855
*William Kelly, "Life in Victoria, 1853 and 1858" Vol. II, pp. 12-14
*Charles D Ferguson, "The Experiences of a Forty-niner during Thirty Four Years’ Residence in California and Australia," Cleveland, Ohio, 1888.
*Charles White, "History of Australian Bushranging"