Ecovillage

Ecovillages are intended to be socially, economically and ecologically sustainable intentional communities. Some aim for a population of 50-150 individuals because this size is considered to be the maximum social network according to findings from sociology and anthropology. [Hill, R. and Dunbar, R. (2002). [http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:sZ_e9TbhRboJ:www.liv.ac.uk/evolpsyc/Hill_Dunbar_networks.pdf+social+network+size&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=1 "Social Network Size in Humans."] Human Nature, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 53-72. Retrieved on: April 9, 2008] Larger ecovillages of up to 2,000 individuals exist as networks of smaller subcommunities to create an ecovillage model that allows for social networks within a broader foundation of support. Certain ecovillages have grown by the nearby addition of others, not necessarily members, settling on the periphery of the ecovillage and effectively participating in the ecovillage community (see, for example, Findhorn).

Ecovillage members are united by shared ecological, social-economic and cultural-spiritual values ("see" Intentional community). An ecovillage is often composed of people who have chosen an alternative to centralized electrical, water, and sewage systems. Many see the breakdown of traditional forms of community, wasteful consumerist lifestyles, the destruction of natural habitat, urban sprawl, factory farming, and over-reliance on fossil fuels, as trends that must be changed to avert ecological disaster. They see small-scale communities with minimal ecological impact as an alternative. However, such communities often cooperate with peer villages in networks of their own ("see" Global Ecovillage Network for an example). This model of collective action is similar to that of Ten Thousand Villages, which supports the fair trade of goods worldwide.

Definition

In 1991, Robert Gilman set out a definition of an ecovillage that was to become a standard. Gilman defined an ecovillage as a:
*human-scale
*full-featured settlement
*in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world
*in a way that is supportive of healthy human development, and
*can be successfully continued into the indefinite future. [Gilman, Robert (Summer, 1991). [http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC29/Gilman1.htm "The Eco-village Challenge"] . "In Context." Retrieved on: April 9, 2008.]

Note: In recent years, Gilman has stated that he would also add the criterion that an ecovillage must have "multiple centres of initiative".

Characteristics of ecovillages

The principles on which ecovillages rely can be applied to urban and rural settings, as well as to developing and developed countries. Advocates seek a sustainable lifestyle (for example, of voluntary simplicity) for inhabitants with a minimum of trade outside the local area, or ecoregion. Many advocates also seek independence from existing infrastructures, although others, particularly in more urban settings, pursue more integration with existing infrastructure. Rural ecovillages are usually based on organic farming, permaculture and other approaches which promote ecosystem function and biodiversity. Ecovillages, whether urban or rural, tend to integrate community and ecological values within a principle-based approach to sustainability, such as permaculture design. [Holmgren, David. [http://www.holmgren.com.au/html/Writings/essence.html#Design "The Essence of Permaculture."] Retrieved on: April 9, 2008.]

An ecovillage usually relies on:
* "Green" infrastructural capital;
* autonomous building or clustered housing, to minimize ecological footprint;
* renewable energy;
* permaculture;

The goal of most ecovillages is to be a sustainable habitat providing for most of its needs on site. However self-sufficiency is not always a goal or desired outcome, specifically since self-sufficiency can conflict with goals to be a change agent for the wider culture and infrastructure. Its organization also usually depends upon some instructional capital or moral codes - a minimal civics sometimes characterized as eco-anarchism:
*local purchasing so as to support the local economy;
*local food production and distribution;
*moral purchasing to avoid objectionable consumption;
*consensus decision-making for governance;
*a choice to respect diversity.

The term "ecovillage" should not be confused with micronation, a strictly legal, not infrastructural, concept.

ee also

*List of ecovillages
*Intentional Community
*Communities Directory
*Bioneers
*EcoCommunalism
*Eco-feminism
*Green politics
*Sustainable habitat
*Green syndicalism
*Bioenergy Village
*Cohousing
*Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
*Eco municipalities

Notes

References

Books

*Christian, D. 2003. " [http://www.creating-a-life-together.org/ Creating a Life Together: Practical Tools to Grow Ecovillages and Intentional Communities] " New Society Publishers. ISBN 0-86571-471-1
* Dawson, Jonathan (2006) "Ecovillages: New Frontiers for Sustainability." Green Books. ISBN: 1903998778
*Hill, R. and Dunbar, R. 2002. [http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:sZ_e9TbhRboJ:www.liv.ac.uk/evolpsyc/Hill_Dunbar_networks.pdf+social+network+size&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=1 "Social Network Size in Humans."] Human Nature, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 53-72.
*Jackson, H. and Svensson, K. 2002. "Ecovillage Living: Restoring the Earth and Her People". Green Books. ISBN 1-903998-16-6

Articles

* Christian, Diana L. (ed.) [http://www.ecovillagenews.org/wiki/index.php/The_Ecovillage_Movement_Today The Ecovillage Movement Today] . Ecovillage Newsletter.
* Gilman, Robert (ed.) [http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC29/TOC29.htm Living Together: Sustainable Community Development] . In Context

External links

* [http://gen.ecovillage.org/index_body.html Global Ecovillage Network]
* [http://ena.ecovillage.org/ Ecovillage Network of the Americas]
* [http://www.ic.org Intentional Communities website]
* [http://directory.ic.org/records/ecovillages.php Ecovillage Directory] - List of Ecovillages in the [http://directory.ic.org Intentional Communities Directory]
* [http://www.permaculture.co.uk Permaculture Magazine] - incorporating Global Ecovillage Network News.
* [http://www.icdb.org Intentional Community and Ecovillage Database]
* [http://www.accessibleportugal.com/revista/2007/March/eco-villages.html Eco Villages Article] Article by João Silva in Accessible Travel Magazine, March 2007