Allan Pinkerton

Allan Pinkerton (25 August 1819 – 1 July 1884) was a Scottish detective and spy, best known for creating the Pinkerton Agency, the first detective agency of the United States.

Early life, Career and Emigration

Pinkerton was born in Glasgow, Scotland, to William Pinkerton and his wife Isabell, in 1819. Fact|date=May 2008 The location of the house where he was born is now occupied by the Glasgow Central Mosque. A cooper by trade, he was active in the British Chartist movement as a young man. Pinkerton married Joan Carfrae (a singer) secretly before moving to America. Disillusioned by the failure to win universal suffrage, Pinkerton emigrated to the United States in 1842, at the age of 23.

In 1849 Pinkerton was appointed as the first detective in Chicago. In the 1850s, he partnered with Chicago attorney Edward Rucker in forming the North-Western Police Agency, later known as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency which is still running (but has been renamed) as a subsidiary of Securitas. Pinkerton's business insignia was a wide open eye with the caption "We never sleep." As the United States expanded in territory, rail transportation increased. Pinkerton's agency solved a series of train robberies during the 1850s, bringing Pinkerton first into contact with George McClellan and Abraham Lincoln.

American Civil War

Prior to his service with the Union Army, he developed several investigative techniques that are still used today. Among them are "shadowing" (surveillance of a suspect) and "assuming a role" (undercover work). Following the outbreak of the Civil War, Pinkerton served as head of the Union Intelligence Service in 1861–62 and foiled an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland, while guarding Abraham Lincoln on his way to his inauguration. His agents often worked undercover as Confederate soldiers and sympathizers, in an effort to gather military intelligence. Pinkerton served several undercover missions under the alias of Major E.J. Allen. Pinkerton was succeeded as Intelligence Service chief by Lafayette Baker. The Intelligence Service was the forerunner of the U.S. Secret Service.

Postbellum

Following Pinkerton's service with the Union Army, he continued his pursuit of train robbers, such as the Reno Gang and also sought to oppose labor unions. In 1872, the Spanish Government hired Pinkerton to help suppress a revolution in Cuba which intended to end slavery and give citizens the right to vote. [Allan Pinkerton: The First Private Eye. James Mackay Review author [s] : Stephen H. Norwood, The Journal of American History, Vol. 85, No. 3. (Dec., 1998), pp. 1106-1107.]

In late June 1884 he slipped on a pavement in Chicago, biting his tongue as he did so. He didn't seek treatment and the tongue became infected, leading to his death on 1 July 1884. At the time of his death, he was working on a system that would centralize all criminal identification records, a database now maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.Pinkerton is buried in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago. He is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

Legacy

After his death, the agency continued to operate and soon became a major force against the young labor movement developing in the United States and Canada. This effort tarnished the image of the Pinkertons for years. They were involved in numerous activities against labor during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including:

* The Homestead Strike (1891)
* The Pullman Strike (1894)
* The Wild Bunch Gang (1896)
* The Ludlow Massacre (1914)
* The La Follette Committee (1933-1937)

Many labor sympathizers accused the Pinkertons of inciting riots in order to discredit unions and justify police crackdowns.Fact|date=February 2007 The Pinkertons' reputation was harmed by their protection of replacement workers ("scabs") and the business property of the major industrialists, including Andrew Carnegie.

Pinkerton was so famous that for decades after his death, his surname was a slang term for a private eye. Due to the Pinkerton Agency's conflicts with labor unions, the word "Pinkerton" remains in the vocabulary of labor organizers and union members as a derogatory reference to authority figures who side with management.

Pinkerton features in the last chapters of David Robertson's historical fiction novel "Booth". Pinkerton is portrayed as having Booth's diary reproduced so damnable evidence against notable legislators and former Vice-President and then current President of the United States Andrew Johnson, was eradicated. He then swore the forger, John H. Surratt, to secrecy.

Writings

Pinkerton produced numerous popular detective books, ostensibly based on his own exploits and those of his agents. Some were published after his death, and they are considered to have been more motivated by a desire to promote his detective agency than a literary endeavour. Most historians believe that Allan Pinkerton hired ghostwriters, but the books nonetheless bear his name and no doubt reflect his own views.

* (1866) "Allan Pinkerton's Unpublished Story of the First Attempt on the Life of Abraham Lincoln"
* (1868) "History and Evidence of the Passage of Abraham Lincoln from Harrisburg, Pa., to Washington, D.C., on the Twenty-second and Twenty-third of February, 1861"
* (1874) "The Expressman and the Detective" (available online [http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=wright2;idno=wright2-1908 here] )
* (1875) "Claude Melnotte as a Detective, and Other Stories"
* (1875) "The Detective and the Somnambulist; The Murderer and the Fortune Teller" (available online [http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=wright2;idno=wright2-1907 here] )
* (1875) "Claude Melnotte as a Detective" (available online [http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=wright2;idno=wright2-1906 here] )
* (1877) "The Mollie Maguires and the Detectives"
* (1878) "Strikers, Communists, Tramps and Detectives"
* (1879) "Mississippi Outlaws and the Detectives; Don Pedro and the Detectives; Poisoner and the Detectives"
* (1879) "Criminal Reminiscences and Detective Sketches"
* (1880) "Bucholz and the Detectives" [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20497 available at Project Gutenberg]
* (1884) "The Spy of the Rebellion"
* (1885) "A Double Life and the Detectives"
* (1886) "The Railroad Forger and the Detectives"
* (1886) "A Life for a Life; or, The Detective's Triumph"
* (188?) "Professional Thieves and the Detectives"
* (1892) "Cornered at Last: A Detective Story"
* (1900) "Thirty Years a Detective"

See also

* American Civil War spies

References

External links

* [http://www1.lib.uchicago.edu/e/index.php3 University of Chicago's library database]
* [http://main.library.utoronto.ca/ University of Toronto's library database]
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters2/pinkerton/ Detailed profile of Pinkerton]
* [http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=441632005 Allan Pinkerton, in The Scotsman's Great Scots series]
* [http://americanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa062002a.htm A Brief History of the Pinkertons]