Icelandic horse

Infobox Horse
name= Icelandic horse


image_caption=Icelandic horse performing the tölt
features = Sturdy build, heavy coat, height from 1.20 to 1.45 m. Performs five distinct gaits including the tölt and the flying pace.
altname= "Icelandic Pony"
country= Iceland The Icelandic horse is a breed of horse that has lived in Iceland since the mid-800s AD, having been brought to the island by Viking settlers. The Icelandic Horse originated from breeds taken from Scandinavian and European countries to Iceland during the original and subsequent settlements but has now been bred for centuries without the addition of outside bloodstock. Because they are often pony-sized, they are by some referred to as "Icelandic ponies". However, in most places, the breed is considered a "horse" and to call it a "pony" is likely to offend many breeders. mtDNA studies link them to other European pony breeds. [Cite web|author=Hreiðarsdóttir, Gunnfríður Elín|title=Uppruni íslenska hestsins|url=http://www.landbunadur.is/landbunadur/wgsamvef.nsf/8bbba2777ac88c4000256a89000a2ddb/30b1d63ef37b203f002572a6003b552b?OpenDocument|dateacessed=05-12-2007]

Regardless of size or horse/pony designation, Icelandic horses can easily carry the weight of a large grown adult.

Overview

There are roughly 75,000 Icelandic horses in Iceland, and up until recently relatively few abroad [cite news | author = Morgunblaðið | title = Sívaxandi vinsældir | date= 2007-08-08] , owing in large part to centuries-old Icelandic legislation that prevents any Icelandic horse from returning to the island once it has been taken to another country.Fact|date=July 2007

They are considered small (averaging 12.2 to 14.1 hands/125 - 155cm in height and 600 to 900lbs./270 to 400 kg in weight) but very strong for their size. They can carry roughly one-third of their weight, but should be at least four and a half - better five - years old before being broken to saddle. Cannon bone girth ranges for mares are usually around 17 to 18 cm and for stallions typically 19 to 20 cm.

It is thought that the horses the Vikings brought with them had a broad variation of looks and many colors, and as such there is today a large variation in color in the Icelandic horses. The horse has been very important as a means of transport and a work animal throughout Iceland's history. Since around 1920 the horses have been recorded in pedigrees. Jeeps and tractors have largely replaced the horse as a work animal after World War II. These days the only work related tasks horses are used for is rounding up sheep from the highlands and herding livestock (sheep, cattle and horses) on farms. Most horses are mainly used for leisure riding, gaited competition, and for an Icelandic brand of racing in flying pace.

Icelandic horses are bred in closed pedigrees because they must be traceable back to Icelandic ancestors. Icelandic horses have been bred only with horses from Iceland since the Middle Ages. Icelandic words are used as names for Icelandic horses, words which describe their color etc. Sometimes names from Norse mythology and Icelandic nature are used. Some examples include "Grána" which means "grey mare"; "Teitur", which means "the happy one" or "Hrímfaxi" which means "the one with frost in his mane".

According to FEIF, the International Federation of Icelandic Horse Associations, the general aim for conformation is to breed light-bodied Icelandic horses with an emphasis on strength, flexibility, and a muscular body. The conformation should facilitate exceptional gaits, a naturally good head carriage, and also take into consideration other aspects that are generally accepted as aesthetically pleasing.

Behavior

Probably the most beloved trait of the Icelandic horse is its unique character. FEIF's breeding aim for spirit describes a horse that is very willing, brave, happy, forward, cheerful, confident, and offers its best with very little encourangement. A horse that tries to please the rider, is sensible, easy to ride, and easy to handle.

Iceland has never had any predators large enough to be any threat to a horse. Instead it is a country with tremendous environmental dangers, such as harsh extremes in weather, volcanic activity, extremely varied and treacherous terrain, quicksand, rock slides, rivers with changing currents, etc. Therefore, the ability to assess a situation rather than the instinct to flee has been central in the survival of the horse. Even today Icelandics seem to lack the “spookiness” of most other breeds and are more inclined to think through a situation before making the decision to run. They also seem to have a much higher pain tolerance than other breeds and have a strong will to survive even the toughest conditions. There are many old Icelandic tales of horses that overcame tremendous obstacles to carry their riders safely to their destination, and where the sense of the horse was instrumental in gaining safe haven and avoiding death and danger.

Traditionally in Iceland, young horses and those not under saddle were allowed to run free, in large herds in the highlands. Because of environmental concerns, this practice is only continued in parts of Northern Iceland today. Even in other parts of Iceland the horses are often left in vast pastures, largely on their own, for long periods of time. All horses in Iceland are given an annual vacation in late fall of each year, where they can be in herds left alone. The Icelanders feel that it is important that the horse grows up learning how to be an independent thinker, to take care of itself, and to not be too dependent on humans. The Icelanders want their horses to be thinking partners to their riders. They also believe that horses allowed to run free at least part of the year grow stronger, become more sure footed and are more self-confident.

In general, Icelandics are trained to be spirited under saddle. Almost all Icelandics tend to be very calm and easy going on the ground, but most will be surprisingly forward when ridden, when trained that way. Icelanders call this spirit “willingness” or “forwardness”. And a willing horse, by Icelandic standards, is a forward horse indeed. A willing horse will always offer more energy to the rider. However as in all other breeds, the amount of willingness varies from individual to individual, some being very willing, others not. Some Icelandics even seem to have the talent to adapt to the skill level of the rider.

In the early days, the rugged Icelandic climate meant that keeping only the best horses was worthwhile. Cramped quarters meant that people, horses and other animals would often share tight spaces. Therefore, any horses that showed faults in character were quickly culled and used for meat. This practice continues today in Iceland and horsemeat is exported regularly to mainland Europe and Japan. This is probably the strongest reason that, today, you will rarely find an Icelandic that would ever kick, bite or even lay its ears back at a human for any reason. This sort of behavior is simply not tolerated. Additionally, growing up in a herd may mean that such attributes are tempered when the antics of youngsters are not tolerated by their elders.

Although some Icelandics are more friendly than others, the majority still enjoy the company of people. And most Icelandics are known to form very close bonds with their owners.

Icelandics are considered quite intelligent. As such they often learn new things very quickly. However, as they are bright they usually do not like to be drilled and they must constantly be challenged with new and different tasks to stay interested and willing. Although Icelandics are sometimes schooled in a ring or on an oval track, most like to be trained out on the trail enjoying nature.

Distribution to Europe and America

Early documents show that horses were exported from Iceland quite frequently during the period of the Icelandic Commonwealth (930-1262) and into the early days of Norwegian government. Many Norwegian kings received horses as presents from Icelandic chiefs and bishops, mostly stallions to take part in horse fighting, a popular entertainment among the Vikings and their descendants until as late as the end of the 17th century.

It is believed that there was no import of breeding horses to Iceland after the end of the 13th century. The only known exception to this was an experiment in the early 20th century when a Norwegian Fjord stallion was brought to Iceland. This stallion was kept in isolation on the small island of Viðey and used on an experimental basis to cover a few mares. The experiment was a failure and both the stallion and the few offspring he produced were sold abroad. There is a widely spread belief outside Iceland that import of horses to the island was prohibited by law as early as in the days of the Vikings. No documents or other proof to confirm the existence of such a ban has been found, though, and both historians and jurists agree that this must be merely a legend. The fact that there was no import of horses to Iceland after the 13th century is not based on legal grounds as the first laws prohibiting horse import to Iceland only date from 1882 but on the fact that there was a lack of transportation facilities. Moreover there was probably never any demand or need for more or different horses on Iceland than were bred there by the inhabitants themselves.

Even though transportation between Iceland and other countries was poor, there was obviously some trade in horses from Iceland during the 16th and 17th century. In 1563 the Danish authorities made a rule saying that no horses were allowed to leave Iceland unless the king’s deputy had been given the first right of purchase. Despite this there were Icelandic horses in other countries; Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) mentions, for example, an Icelandic horse that was grazing in a pasture near the English town of Yarmouth. According to Sir Thomas this horse would not eat oats for months and finally he went so homesick that he jumped into the sea and tried to swim back to Iceland. During the 17th century Danish royalty showed interest in smooth gaited Icelandic riding horses. In 1637 King Christian IV wanted his deputy to buy four pace horses on Iceland and a few years later he ordered two good riding horses. His grandson, King Christian V, also ordered his deputy to send one horse with every ship coming from Iceland to Denmark.

Due to the Danish trade monopoly, established in 1602 and not fully abolished until the mid 19th century, little horse export from Iceland took place during this period. Still, there are documents showing that breeders on the Orkney Islands got permission to buy up to 80 breeding horses on Iceland and the Faeroe Islands as early as 1828. In 1851 British horse dealers finally got a permission to purchase horses on Iceland and ever since then horses have been exported from the island on a commercial basis. During the first years only a few hundred horses were exported but the yearly export grew in a few decades to several thousand, with the largest number in one year being about 5700 animals. During the period 1851–1939 more than 148,000 horses were exported from IcelandFact|date=April 2007. Most of the horses went to England and many of them were sold as pit ponies for the coal mines. However, there were other purposes as well, like transporting goods and supplies in the rapidly growing cities and even riding, as Páll Zóphóníasson, later president of The Agricultural Society of Iceland, put it in his report from 1910: "... a few of the horses that have been sold to England are used for riding by those who have nothing better to do with their time than ride horses for their pleasure."

The large number of Icelandic horses exported to England apparently made them quite well known in certain circles. The English author and social reformer George R. Sims, mentions them in his book "Off the track in London", published in 1911:

"A little way from the scene of the sailors' frolic, lays Prince's Square. It is a picturesque old place still, with its quaint Swedish church in the centre, and its old eighteenth-century houses standing cheek by jowl with glaring examples of twentieth-century "improvement." As we turn into it the note of strangeness which dominates it is emphasized by the fact that against the railings of the square a number of little Iceland ponies are standing, surrounded by a group of admiring boys. The connection between the Swedish church and the Icelandic ponies is not obvious, and the spectacle startles us, until we remember that one of the depots of the famous horse dealer Jamrach is close by. Then the situation is at once explained. These ponies have been imported by Jamrach, and it being a fine day, they are taking the air in Prince's Square."

At the beginning of the 20th century a new market was established for Icelandic horses in Denmark. Most of the horses were used for draught and other working tasks on small farms, especially on the peninsula of Jutland. In the period 1910 to 1920 Denmark was the biggest importer of Icelandic horses and in 1915 more than 3600 were sold to Danish buyers. During this period of booming imports two associations for Icelandic horses were established in Denmark and several publications about the breed saw the light of day. In the first decades of the 20th century buyers from various countries started to purchase horses directly from Iceland. In 1901 documents show that 81 horses were sold to Norway and in 1914 some 74 horses went to Germany. At this moment the first German breeders, like the Wahrendorff family in Hanover and the Traut family in Leipzig, start breeding with horses from Iceland and still today some German horses can trace their roots all the way back to those early bred Icelandic horses. In the 1920s a number of horses were sold directly to the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Sweden and Finland and in the early 1930s a transport of 200 animals went to Germany. In 1935 the German government was even working on a plan to buy more than 1000 horses from Iceland but this huge transport was never realized. Towards the end of this decade the first Icelandic horses were sold directly from Iceland to both the Netherlands and Italy.

In the late 19th century Icelandic horses were brought to North America. It is most likely that these horses came from England because the first direct export of horses from Iceland to the United States did not take place until 1917. Furthermore it is a well known factFact|date=August 2008 that American horse dealers imported large amounts of various horses from England in the late 19th century. In the book "The Centennial Atlas of Warren County, Ohio", published in 1903, this can be read:

"In 1886 a company was formed at the town Corwin, which imported a large number of Shetland, Welsh and Iceland ponies. A. P. O'Neall was one of the heaviest stockholders and had personal charge of the stock on its arrival. A few years later he bought out the other members, and the pony business has been carried on under his name and that of his son ever since. A great many ponies have been sent out from the farm, and it has become widely known as The Pony Farm."

In the 1890s livestock dealers from Pennsylvania and Iowa offered "Iceland ponies" for sale in various American magazines and The Cyclopaedia of American Agriculture, published in 1909, underlines the existence of Icelandic horses in America at this time, as L. H. Bailey says:

"The Iceland ponies are sometimes imported into America, although few are bred here. They are strong, sturdy, useful little animals, rarely exceeding thirteen hands, often reaching only eleven and one-half or twelve hands. They are used for light driving purposes and as children’s ponies, and in England often as pit ponies"

Not much is known about those early Icelandic horses in America but it is believed that some of them were crossbred with other breeds. The most famous of those half-blood Icelandic horses must be the skewbald pony Algonquin who belonged to the children of President Theodore Roosevelt and was kept at the stables of the White House in Washington at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Icelandic horse of today

By the 1940s and 1950s, roads and bridges became more common in Iceland, and although the horse’s traditional role began to fade the horse never really lost its popularity. Today the Icelandic horse is held in high regard in its homeland as a horse for sport, recreation, family and travel. Travel on horses is still often seen and next to most automobile roads in Iceland you will find a riding road as well. Horses are also bred for horsemeat for slaughter and export as meat for other countries.

Gaits

Icelandic horses are known for their special gaits. Apart from walk, trot and canter, and gallop, nearly all Icelandic horses are able to tölt (rack) and most can go in "skeið" (pace). Skeið is a gait where the horse moves both legs of one side at the same time; it is considered a gait for racing, and ridden at the proper speed is called "flugskeið", loosely translated as "flying pace". [ [http://www.icelandichorse.is/pace.html "Pace", an article on training and riding the flying pace] ] A slow pace, like that used in riding certain Peruvian horse breeds, is considered undesirable in Icelandic horses, and is called "lull" (piggy pace). Not all horses possess pace. Those that do are called "five-gaited" horses. Those that do not are called "four-gaited" horses. Although the breeding goal is for the perfect five-gaited horse, in reality four-gaited horses are no less prized. There are also three-gaited (non-gaited) Icelandic Horses, but they are considered highly undesirable in Iceland.

Tölt is a gait possessed by the overwhelming majority of Icelandic horses. Tölt is the same gait as the rack; the horse moves its legs in the same sequence as while walking, with alternating one foot / two foot support, which is done at speed from 5 to 25 mph. The tölt is very smooth and is a pleasure to ride. It is a different gait from the running walk of the Tennessee Walking Horse. Most horse breeders work to breed high quality into these gaits.

It is thought that Icelandic horses have become about 10 cm higher during the second half of the 20th century, but that probably has less to do with selective breeding and more to do with increased quality of fodder. However, one of the breeding goals is to have a taller, more refined horse, although this is considered one of the least important breeding guidelines, and causes some controversy.

Competition and breed evaluations

Many things have happened in Icelandic horse sports during the last thirty years. Riding clubs and associations now exist in so many countries that, in addition to the national championships, championship competitions are held at the world level every two years. In championship competitions, the horses' gaits (among other qualities) are judged. Breeding horses are also evaluated for their conformation and ridden talents in official breeding evaluations.

IceTölt competitions are also held, a display of the gaits of the breed which are often held on public ice rinks. These competitions are held regularly in Iceland and Europe. The first IceTölt in Great Britain was held on April 19th 2008 in Basingstoke. [cite news| title = http://www.ihsgb.co.uk/latest_news.htm | date= 2007-11-19] The next World Championships for Icelandic Horses will be in Switzerland in August 2009.

Media

References

ee also

* Norwegian Fjord horse
*Faroe pony

External links

* [http://en.eidfaxi.is/ Icelandic Horse magazine]
* [http://www.ihsgb.co.uk/ The Icelandic Horse Society of Great Britain]
* [http://www.worldfengur.com Studbook of origin of the Icelandic horse]
* [http://www.icelandics.org United States Icelandic Horse Congress]
* [http://feif.org/ International Federation of Icelandic Horse Associations]
* [http://www.imh.org/museum/breeds.php?pageid=8&breed=49&alpha=Three The Icelandic Horse, "from" International museum of the Horse]
* [http://www.icelandichorse.is/articles.html Some Icelandic horse articles]
* [http://iceryder.net/info/index.html Background information, History, Ancestors, Myths]
* [http://www.cihf.ca/ Canadian Icelandic Horse Federation]