Humpty Dumpty

Humpty Dumpty is a character in a Nursery rhyme typically portrayed as an egg. Most English-speaking children are familiar with the rhyme:

:"Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.":"Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.:"All the king's horses and all the king's men":"Couldn't put Humpty together again."

It should be noted that it is not stated in the rhyme that Humpty Dumpty is an egg. In its first printed form in 1810, the rhyme is posed as a riddle and exploits for misdirection the fact that "humpty dumpty" was also 18th-Century reduplicative slang for a short and clumsy person; the riddle being that whereas a clumsy person falling off a wall would not be irreparably damaged, an egg would be. The rhyme is no longer posed as a riddle, since the answer is now so well known. Similar riddles have been recorded by folklorists in other languages, such as "Boule Boule" in French, or "Lille Trille" in Swedish & Norwegian; though none is as widely known as Humpty Dumpty is in English.

Origins

Previous to the "little, clumsy person" meaning, "humpty dumpty" referred to a drink of brandy boiled with ale. There are also various theories of an original "Humpty Dumpty". As some are mutually exclusive, the theories necessarily include false etymologies.

* According to an insert taken from the East Anglia Tourist Board in England, Humpty Dumpty was a powerful cannon used in the Siege of Colchester during the English Civil War. It was mounted on top of the St Mary's at the Wall Church in Colchester defending the city against siege in the summer of 1648. Although Colchester was a royalist stronghold, it was besieged by the Roundheads for 11 weeks before finally falling. The church tower was hit by enemy cannon fire and the top of the tower was blown off, sending "Humpty" tumbling to the ground. Naturally all the King's horses and all the King's men (royalist cavalry and infantry respectively) tried to mend "him" but in vain. Other reports have Humpty Dumpty referring to a sniper nicknamed One-Eyed Thompson, who occupied the same church tower.:Visitors to Colchester can see the reconstructed Church tower as they reach the top of Balkerne Hill on the left hand side of the road. An extended version of the rhyme gives additional verses, including the following:::"In Sixteen Hundred and Forty-Eight"::"When England suffered the pains of state"::"The Roundheads lay siege to Colchester town"::"Where the King's men still fought for the crown"::"There One-Eyed Thompson stood on the wall"::"A gunner of deadliest aim of all"::"From St. Mary's Tower his cannon he fired"::"Humpty-Dumpty was its name"::"Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall..."

Another version has it:::"In Sixteen Hundred and Forty-Eight"::"When England suffered the pains of state"::"The Roundheads lay siege to Colchester town"::"Where the King's men still fought for the crown"::"Then One-Eyed Thompson stood on the wall"::"A gunner of deadliest aim"::"The cannon he fired from the top of the tower"::"Humpty-Dumpty was its name"::"Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall..."

* In another theory, Humpty Dumpty referred to King Richard III of England, the hunchbacked monarch, the "Wall" being either the name of his horse (called "White Surrey" in Shakespeare's play), or a reference to the supporters who deserted him. During the battle of Bosworth Field, he fell off his steed and was said to have been "hacked into pieces". (However, although the play depicts Richard as a hunchback, other historical evidence suggests that he was not.)

* The story of Cardinal Wolsey's downfall is supposedly depicted in the children's nursery rhyme of Humpty Dumpty. At length Cawood Castle (Cawood, a village in Yorkshire, seven miles southwest of York) passed to Cardinal Wolsey, who let it fall into disrepair in the early part of his career (1514 - 1530), due to his residence at the Court, devotion to temporal affairs and his neglect of his diocesan duties. King Henry VIII sent Wolsey back home in 1523 after he failed to obtain a divorce from the Pope - a huge mistake on Wolsey's part. Wolsey returned to the castle and began to restore it to its former grandeur. However, he was arrested for high treason in November, 1530 and ordered to London for trial. He left on 6 November, but took ill at Leicester and died in the Abbey there on 29 November.

* An explanation given on a British radio programme described Humpty Dumpty as a siege tower, used by the Cavaliers (King's Men) during the English civil war. Unfortunately, as it was poorly designed, the tower often toppled over when it was full of men and broke. Hence, "All the King's horses and all the King's men, couldn't put Humpty together again."

*In another twist Humpty Dumpty was the name of a cannon which was upon the wall of Edinburgh Castle (dates and times unclear)and that the cannon one day (while firing) exploded into a thousand pieces, scattering bits of it far and wide with whatever was left in a shattered heap at the bottom of the wall.

In "Through the Looking Glass"

Humpty appears in Lewis Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass", where he discusses semantics and pragmatics with Alice.

"I don't know what you mean by 'glory,'" Alice said. Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. "Of course you don't – till I tell you. I meant 'there's a nice knock-down argument for you!'" "But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knock-down argument,'" Alice objected. "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said in a rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less." "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean different things." "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master – that's all." Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. "They've a temper, some of them – particularly verbs, they're the proudest – adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs – however, I can manage the whole lot! Impenetrability! That's what I say!"

This passage was used by Lord Atkin in his dissenting judgment in the seminal case "Liversidge v. Anderson" (1942), where he protested about the distortion of a statute by the majority of the House of Lords. It also became a popular citation in United States legal opinions, appearing in 250 judicial decisions in the Westlaw database as of April 19, 2008, including two Supreme Court cases (TVA v. Hill and Zschernig v. Miller). [Westlaw search (ALLCASES database), April 19, 2008.]

Among other things, he (mis-)explains the difficult words from Jabberwocky. Like all of the characters in the story (aside from those who feature within the "Jabberwocky" poem itself) he is a Chess-piece, or more specifically the Red Rook, and his falling from the wall with a "very heavy crash [which shakes] the forest from end to end" represents his being "taken" by a piece on the White side.

Other appearances in fiction

* In L. Frank Baum's "Mother Goose in Prose", the rhyming riddle is devised by the daughter of the King, having witnessed Humpty's "death" and her father's soldiers' efforts to save him.
* Batman features a character based on Humpty Dumpty, an example of its tendency to base ideas on fairy tales and on "Alice in Wonderland" (such as the Mad Hatter). He enjoys taking things apart to see if he can put them back together again and make them better, and was thus mislabeled a terrorist.
* Neil Gaiman published in "Knave", in 1984 a short story called 'The Case of the Four and Twenty Blackbirds', which casts Humpty as a murder victim. The tone is that of hard boiled detective fiction and casts a number of nursery rhyme characters in various roles such as Jill from Jack and Jill as the femme fatale and Cock Robin as the underworld informant. It is now available to read from his [http://www.neilgaiman.com/exclusive/shortstories/blackbirdstory website] .
* Jasper Fforde includes Humpty Dumpty in two of his novels. One, "The Well of Lost Plots", the third novel in his Thursday Next series, features Humpty as the ringleader of dissatisfied nursery rhyme characters threatening to strike. The other, "The Big Over Easy" sets Humpty as the victim of a murder under investigation by Detective Inspector Jack Spratt and his partner Detective Sergeant Mary Mary.
* Robert Rankin includes Humpty Dumpty as one victim of a serial fairy tale character murderer investigated by Bill Winkie, Private Eye and sidekick Eddie Bear the Teddy Bear, in his novel "The Hollow Chocolate Bunnies of the Apocalypse".
* "Eggorny" is a Colombian cartoon, which is about Humpty Dumpty. It takes place in a mediæval landscape. After his great fall, no one was able to put Humpty together again until some 1500 years later. A teenager named Rufus put him together again, and renamed him Eggorny. Eggorny now lives in the modern-day town of Someville.
* Humpty Dumpty is also a character in the Vertigo Comics series "Jack of Fables", in which he remembers the Battle at Colchester, and actually fires as a cannon once before cracking up. Then later gets pieced together to utilize a treasure map tattooed on his rear.
* In Shugo Chara! there is a pair of a lock (Humpty Lock) and a matching key (Dumpty Key). The anime also revolves around the search of the Embryo, an egg that makes wishes come true. Humpty Dumpty is not an egg but actually a Potato Chip.
* One episode of the American TV-series House is called Humpty Dumpty. It deals with a handyman that falls off a roof and has his hand amputated.

References in popular music

There are many variations on the theme of something breaking for good in contemporary pop music:
* In Dolly Partons, Starting over again, a song about a divorce:

"And all the king's horses"
"And all the king's men"
"Couldn't put mommy and daddy back together again"

* Genesis, Squonk:"

All the king's horses and all the king's men"
"Could never put a smile on that face"

* Aimee Mann, Humpty Dumpty:"

All the king's horses and all the king's men"
"Couldn't put baby together again"

* Billy Joel, The great wall of china:"

All the king's men and all the king's horses"
"Can't put you together the way you used to be"

* Two Gallants, Get Proud:"

And Humpty Dumpty is climbing higher up the wall,"
"and how he got there I just won't recall."

Further into the song...

"

And Humpty Dumpty told me not to tell you why,"
"as if I even had reason to try!"

* Travis, The Humpty Dumpty Love Song:"

All of the king's horses and all of the king's men"
"Couldn't pull my heart back together again."

* Ben Folds, Lovesick Diagnostician:"

All the king's horses"
"And all the king's men"
"Couldn't get back my girlfriend."

ee also

*All the King's Horses
*All the King's Men

References

External links

* [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mhumpty.html Why is Humpty Dumpty portrayed as an egg?] — from The Straight Dope
* [http://www.rooneydesign.com/HumptyDumpty.htm Humpty Dumpty] — Various suggested origins
* [http://www.rhymes.org.uk/humpty_dumpty.htm The Canon of the Cannon]
* [http://www.kidsbuilder.com/SingAlongForKids/HumptyDumpty.html Humpty Dumpty at KidsBuilder.com]
* [http://www.msu.edu/~ereksonj/humpty/humpty.htm Humpty Dumpty Illustrations and the Reality of Text] — Paper discussing the emergence of the "egg" interpretation
* [http://www.eggorny.web.com.co Eggorny, a colombian cartoon about Humpty Dumpty] Spanish page
* [http://www.mythsandlegends.com/mythsandlegends/story1-humpty-dumpty-and-the-fall-of-colchester.html Humpty Dumpty and the fall of Colchester] An Animated and Narrated version of the Origins of the Humpty Dumpty
* [http://www.cowboylyrics.com/tabs/thompson-hank/humpty-dumpty-heart-1516.html Humpty Dumpty Heart by Hank Thompson] Humpty Dumpty Heart by Hank Thompson. Lyrics by Johnny Burke and Jimmy Van Heusen